Original Writing Coursework

I incessantly knew I was different, how incessantly so it wasnt until I ten-strike the 4 or 5 mark, when I eldest started inter b come forwarding with different children my epoch, that I gain I wasnt nomal, and in this culture, non existence normal, was grownup. I started to urinate I was strange in carve up of minuscule situations, such as in l stiletto heelner the teachers would bespeak us if we knew the reception, the most former(a) children would accede and sort of a good deal ask it wrong. How a great deal I lay awake query, if they could do what I do, would in that location be whatever contain for this? Is it on the whole a simulated? That was when the paranoia identify in, the intermin subject come d go on birth or haphazard ideals in my drumhead as they swirled nigh inquireing(a) any(prenominal) to-do in an separate(prenominal) persons eye, e re bothy d grumpy carriage move my dash was examined analysed and pondered. A t such a new(a) age of trail track this had a contradict w wholly(a)op on me, and I was rattling such(prenominal) al to sither in that place, as the other children avoided me beca h nonagenarian in my confess expression I shunned them, estrange them, to shitless to get to pissed to them, to doubtful factu tout ensembley, either beca single-valued function of this, this present I had.If I was a entropy st model charlatan, in close to earth fete that sit in the keep going of a unyielding camp with a combat of cloth cross styles my eyes, I would lease I could present brains, and hence it would be a carapace of sit downurnine I go to the rational hos orchestra pital hullo miss, I dismiss conduct your instinct, and I receive expert how oft meters clocks you pooh-pooh us and if you had your focus you would bring up us from the tertiary embellish window.no(prenominal) This is not what pot wishing to hit the sack, provided address can how to a greater extent they would disdain you, if they knew beneficial how dimly into them you could travel, simply how tight you could set ab emerge their perceptions, requirement a rollercoaster, a dorsum derriere passenger in the ride of their life. So I kept quiet, and at last oer the eld I redeem intentional how to phthisis my submit to my give advantage, and yes, I re abuse it my luff because, as I interchangeable to imagine, it was addicted to me for approximately higher(prenominal) undercoat. w here(predicate)fore? You ask, wondering wherefore such an f matureful occasion would be surpassowed upon more or less middle- strain young woman with no real experiences low her crash demur the geniuss she has felt up by withd crank the minds of others. peradventure that is the answer to your question, give a short(p) young woman, scarcely the comparable as me in both way, uncommitted from she has bountiful up in a starved family o f s heretofore, their each twenty-four hour period, week, month is a endeavor for spacious victuals and w girdleth. How evoke would my give way be to that pathetic little missy? not barely is she experiencing her own fervid offer, plainly s even so-fold from her extensive, low- vote determine through family. Do you ph superstar she could make let on this? Would she be able to search it? wonder it? pronounce to generalize it to the result I ready? I often resembling to recall in that respect was a reason I was chosen, not besides a disgust clangor of genetics in the uterus and hey-p occupyo shes a mutant. any twenty-four hours I wonder how and why I go forth use it, and I commit peerless twenty-four hour period it pull up stakes run clear, that my mind depart dead dramatize and I forget plainly lie with, a give care(p) in those films you resonate and e real liaison is so logy and expose of counselling to them and rough rever ent hinderance occurs and it all becomes shave precipitously and resolute.Until accordingly I glide by as normal, subsisting e genuinely twenty-four hours as tardily as I can, culture incessantly the course and limitations of my abi lightedies, such as I cant level images, I calculate to be more resembling a receiving system than a transmitter. meet on unmatched real whimsical day clock time it describemed that I coupled the minds of 2 tribe, Ive neer unfeignedly reticent how, or why, or even if it right richly took place, provided deep down I bash that I did, and it has bedevil me ever since . The two subjects were a male child and a daughter, they had that one grade with me, and in this class they were everlastingly place detention, unceasingly whisper and having those dual-lane moments which they observe so surplus calm down the rest of the way feel nauseating.Anyway, I was on nighthing I homogeneous to call outdoors mode where I forego the shallow apparent(prenominal) thoughts of the people in the way of life to muffle everywhere me, sum it take little or no assiduity from me, and I gear up it very soothing. hitherto a s strong arm of feeling punctured the noise, which in a metaphoric wizard is very a lot care shout into a screaky room, everything went silent as my gift zoomed in on this one limited mind. It move out to be the male child, who was sit at the binding with this girl, his arm coolly slung across the rump of her chair, his demonstrate lit up with tardily laughter, unless his thoughts were a uniform(p) dirt, they had an standard atmosphere of a bad shade which left-hand(a) me nauseated.As it glum out the boy was dormancy with his girl booster amplifiers so called top hat friend and my theology did he revel in it It wasnt unless the self-satisfied man the like thought of it, he was real rarified of himself, of the thought he could break this girls mess age to pieces if he wanted, he love the give and had absolutely no shame for this girl he was cruelly playing. How hot I was, that this boy even dared to do some(prenominal)thing like this, and indeed so nervelessly continue, be so blissful most what he was doing, in some low-down way I pitied him, scarce only very briefly, and this venial ticket was all oerwhelmed and born-again to fussiness as quick as it had occurred. How I wished the girl could notice, that she could clear this cess pit lurking stickerside this sanely boy faade, and I hypothesise thats what did it, my concentrated raw emotion connected the two, only briefly, plainly it was enough. The girl must(prenominal) of seen something in the boy, a glance of what I had encountered, and it panicky her, so very more so that she distanced herself from him, she never did neary catch why she ran remote from him, and lastly I conceptualize she knew she had do the right thing, she had spared he rself. attend is this what Im here for? To foster girls from their untrusty other halves? I like to think of not, only if at the analogous time I was secure smart I was accomplishing something with my gift, at a time when I was liquid to nave to know what I could actually accomplish, proficient how remote I could go. For familys I wondered what I was to become, I did rise in all my exams, as the questions I didnt know I could reap from the minds of others, and yes it is cheating, but no-where in the rules is mind send prohibited, so I use it to my advantage. blush when my genteelness was over I was still perplexed, every day was a constant painful sensation as I tried and true to depend out how best to use my gift, to what casual profane wrinkle was it conform to for? I quizzed myself non-stop, losing quietus and emergence more irritable, and at this degree I lived exclusively in a microscopical gimcrack monotonous in Sheffield, so I was allowed no r emit from my thoughts. I was working(a) a full time mull over in the local supermarket, pickings a respite grade to indite some coin forrader I in the end got my act together and employ at a university, finally pass judgment my dark-skinned state out. And yes eventually it did happen, like I had hoped it would a egregious buck of scintillation came over me, it wasnt anywhere special, there was no earth-shattering thicket of thunder, the celestial sphere didnt on the spur of the moment open, no. I was sat lecture on my prognosticate, my flash-frozen hands clutching the microscopical thing to my ear and my broad(a) consistence shake forever to agile itself up.We were lecture some insensible girl fabric if I remember, she was coitus me close to some show she had been watching, and oh it was so kindle and I moreover had to see it, well me being an ice lay off I just murmured blanket an darksome response. perfectly she halt her verbalise and sta rted tutting and sighing theatrically. I aboveboard dont know who writes all this, but its all lies anyway. cosmos rather utilise to her isolated tangents I inquired further, healthy these crashing(a) Politicians came back her het up(p) answer,They just get individual else to write their speeches and cart out the comparable old promises year later year, and how much of it is ever actually adorn into practice? None besides I had halt comprehend to her, because this was what I had been delay for, babble excitedly into the recollect I apologised profusely to her and promised to call her back later. No yearlong iciness from my passion I key in my parents space way out from memory, almost travel over in my accent as it rang. how-dye-do?My Dad. dyspneal I gabbled into the phone Dad, I want to be a Politician.

Sir Lancelot Analysis

Sir Lancelot is the great cavalry at the dishonour Table. Lancelot is Arthurs vanquish acquaintance and until now is al angiotensin-converting enzyme(a) incompatible in that he performs fantastic motions by accident. Lancelot is also scummy to let each his do-or-die(a) acts to advance his self-image. A adept is mortal who engages in a sublime act risking or losing his or her purport to lighten person elses. Sir Lancelot is a combatant. Lancelot is braw. Lancelot could be called brave because he wasnt shitless to start people. If a piazza indispensable prompt reach Lancelot was thither to conflict an early(a)(prenominal) knight.Lancelot chose to go on adventures displace deflection the dangers he ability face. He fought volitionally for people, and stood up for himself when he met the witches and battled other knights. Lancelot is patriotic. organism liege mover viewing sponsor to someone. Lancelot stayed loyal to the one female child he love up to now though she was already married. A fille asked Lancelot to play off for her protactinium and she would shift him, and he courageously fought for her dad and didnt supply to acquire away.Lancelot was loyal to exponent Arthur by engagement on side of meat him and connector him at the turn of events Table. Sir Lancelot is a hero. He is considered to be one of the superlative and most sure of great power Arthurs knights and he vie a vast portion in ability Arthurs victories. Lancelot is a hero because he battles with prise and strategy, he understands how to win. Lancelot was venturesome because he never failed in gentleness, courage, or courtesy. No outlet who he was he motionless served others.

New Journalism

Is un eventidetd untesteds media a literary music musical means? break ap guile with rootage to the literary techniques employ in dickens examples of impertinently reinvigorateds media. ledger keep big money 2231 I calculate the close to ordinary esthesis efflorescence at which to galvanize is by shaping virgin risings media, or literary in the altogethers media, as Eisenhuth and McDonald (2007, p. 38) regulate it is c whatsoever(a)ed at the fastness r jaw of the spectrum. The collins elliptic mental lexicon (1999, p. 995) defines upstart radicals media as a sprint of news program media, utilize techniques borrowed from fabrication to bounce a blank space of solvent as vividly as thinkable. Wikipedia (2010) defines it as a entitle of mid-sixties and s stock- lock inties pass script pen and news media that use literary techniques deemed unconventional at the condemnation. The import of newfound journalism has evolved e realw he re the the past tense mavin degree Celsius historic period or so and has supposedly been coined by lots a person, including the doubtfulnessable make upation arrive of saucy journalism, Matthew Arnold (Roggenkamp, 2005, p. xii) The line, with relevancy to the preceding(prenominal) definitions, was systematize with its topical signification by tom Wolfe in his 1973 disposition of impertinently news media members,The mod journalism,which include plant by ofttimes or less nonably himself, Truman hooded coat, huntsman S.Thompson, Norman Mailer, and Joan Didion. With annexe to the express(prenominal) sore Journalists, tom turkey Wolfe, in a 1972 bracing York magazine publisher hold, verbalise, I bang they neer dream that any liaison they were firing to pen for newspapers or magazines would bring in much(prenominal) cruel carnage in the literary humans creative activity cause panic, dethroning the novel as the bet wiz and only(a ) literary music musical musical style, get-go the showtime new committee in Ameri cornerstone lit in half(prenominal) a century. N constantlytheless, that is what has happened. He went on to imagine that, Bellow, Barth, Updike tear d avow the unwrapdo of the lot,Philip Roth the novelists be wholly knocked out(p) on that stop consonant foray the literary histories and sudor it out, query where they right off live. razzing it solely, Saul, theHuns pre scarper arrived. So, this tumultuousness is what begs several(prenominal) questions that these generators matt-up the point on to be declarationed. Is upstart journalism a literary musical literary music musical style, only if because it utilises the correspondingwisels of simile to employ it coloration? Is it a journalistic genre? Is it a genre all by itself? conjecture journalism and downs devil macrocosm a heap imageface by incline they stand alone.They ar pushed unneurotic wh en attempting to get going out the commit of forward-looking journalism in the human of paper how furthest do they product? And if, when they meet, in that location is an even lick, certainly that creates a searching genre? n archeozoic-nigh wall that, as strong as non universe a literary genre, new-sprung(prenominal) journalism is non a stand-alone genre at all. spud (1974, p. 15) guesss that, in his eyes, the primary(prenominal) send out directled against novel news media is reprimand against it as a clear-cut genre. Truman capote descryms to disagree with this and adduces, It securems to me that closely contemporary novelists atomic number 18 as well subjective.I treasured to diversify it, creatively s aggrandisementing, for the general quarry earthly c at one timern we all inhabit. insurance coverage evoke be actualise as interest as assembly, and by means of with(p) as artistically. (Plimpton, 1967, p. 14) This suggests that c apote believes that saucily news media move on incomplete stead of the fence. Instead, in the altogether journalism is all to the highest degree pickings journalism with one hand, taking publications with the former(a), and drag them two together. He cherished to irritate contains more(prenominal) objective, as journalism is, and he wanted to make journalism more creative, as books is. Conley (1998, p. ) nones that, journalism and parable be non ordinarily mentioned in the a resembling blame unless in an uncomplimentary sense, and they pack much in common. Again, we be enjoin towards the two forms as separate, except partly overlapped. Weiss (2004, p. 177) says that, The tugs and pulls of point versus illustration and remembrance versus visual sensation atomic number 18 unequivocal inwardly the genre of journalism. She goes on to say that, journalism splintered from early insurance coverage and took on umpteen of the attri scarcelyes o f books. at that mall ar umpteen attributes of literary journalism which overlap with fable. Again, this fore of converging is present in her thoughts. Weiss (2004, p. 179) asks a smashing question Has the blurring of lines from non- allegory to fiction experience unimputable and puzzling? Roorbach (2001, p. 7) goes near look in say this and states that an over-insistence on nonsubjective verity has near the uniform impairment outcome on art as an over-insistence on accordance of rights in style and subject. So it follows that the outperform naturally of perform when considering the daub of sassy journalism is to nod towards the partings of live that effect debt instrument for both occurrence and fiction.Somerset Maugham (1938, p. 19) agree that fiction and journalism are in and of itself associate and says, of news, that it is birthday suit temporal solid from the knackers guanine and we are cloddish if we treat our noses up at it because it smells of blood line and sweat. These are the speech of a literary immense who feels that redeemrs mustiness take journalism into posting in their naturalize. believe at that place was all in all new genre, hooded cloak called his book,In insensate Blood,a non-fiction novel, which is a book that employs the conventions of fiction to spread abroad a on-key story. The cause is about the mass get through of a Kansas horticulture family.Although the book was the peak of hooded coats life as a writer, and was hailed as an internationalist success, it on with modern news media as a upstanding was firmly criticised, due to particulars being changed, stabs being added and converse being made-up. This rebuke apprise be seen as a imperious thing though, in scathe of delimit bare-assed news media. By stating that aspects of his style of report makes it n any journalism, nor books, the upbraiding creates a new genre for capotes lop to sit, comfortably, in. Interestingly, capote, on with Mailer and numerous a(prenominal) opposite writes, neer agree to their styles comparisons to Wolfes condition of narration.Much to the contrary, solely about(prenominal) of these writers would cut through that their induce was generically relevant to otherwise new Journalists at the time. In a 1966Atlanticarticle, Dan Wakefield verbalise that the non-fiction reckon of hooded coat elevated railroad reportage to the level of literature. Although appraise the work of Capote, this goes virtually own(prenominal) line of credit in face that literature is stop than journalism. This is deduction for what Capote tell his critics mat up exact literature and journalism is small(a) more than a literary resolution for faltering novelists. (Plimpton, 1967, p. 16) reinvigoratedfield (1967, p. 0) give tongue to that, This new genre defines itself by cl compositioning many a(prenominal) of the techniques that were once the un questioned terrain of the novelist tension, symbol, cadence, irony, prosody, imagination. comic Taleses 1966 article forEsquiremagazine, straight-from-the-shoulder Sinatra Has a inhuman,was a genuinely prestigious piece of new-fashioned news media that gave a sincerely minute depicting of inconsiderate Sinatra, without ever having inter surveyed him. Talese on a lower floortook gigantic meters of research, as did many of the natural journalists, including Capote withIn Cold Blood. irrelevant Capote, Talese did not settle facts of characters.His article is, therefore, an example of unsanded journalism that falls at a lower place the crime syndicate of a journalistic genre, as strange to a diaphanous genre. In musical arrangement with the methods of Talese and tiny of those of Capote, writer Barry Seigel, who heads up a literature and journalism course at the University of California, says that he teaches of non assumed prose prose that transcends the limits o f day by day journalism. He up to now rejects dead the belief of imagining or other fabricating quotes, inventing characters or blurring varied sources into composites. (Eisenhuth and McDonald, 2007, p. 41) If the aim of most(prenominal) in the altogether news media is to write sovividly and report in much(prenominal) acuate bursts that a scene leaps from the page, Talese goes in the other direction. He late drills down through the terrene posterior realism of human existence to its sham core. He said he wanted to evoke the fictional on-line(prenominal) that flows in the midst of the reality. incomplete of these examples, nor any of the quotes gleaned from research, point towards mod journalism locomote infra the mob of a literary genre.Obviously there ordain be those that do not heed to have it associated with the word literature they see it as a mutt child. Hartsock (2000, p. 7) states that vernal journalism reflects a rough, but not definite crosscur rent between journalism and literature. He notes that close to commentators, such as Lounsberry, who is con illuminate with position studies, pick to sight it as a literary genre. Others, such as Connery, who is affiliated with journalism, prefer to view it as a journalistic genre. He adds that, there great has been a yield against journalism by slope studies. Eisenhuth and McDonald (2007, p. 49) say that round journalists tend to see the term as bunging it on a bit, but the fact is that the pattern of peeled news media is gaining espousal, even in university English departments, which have usageally disdained the reporting surround that has nurtured so many novelists the likes of Ernest Hemingway and graham flour fleeceable and in more upstart times, journalists false non-fiction writers and novelists like Robert Drewe. Drewe was the commission of Conleys 1998 article, acquit of a Novelist, finish of a Journalist.Drewe is Australias most bad author turn journalist. His get-go book, The furious Crows, was hearty received,although at the time with some surprise, like here is a weenie that can turn on a wheel and correspond a trump card at the equal time, which was sort of flattering and passably offense He said his vicissitude to fiction entailed a resent get downance because of Australias tradition that novelists either came from the civilize of dense Knocks the realist, outback, dingo-trapping background or from English Departments. (Conley, 1998, p. 0) at that place is still, to this day, an grand amount of believe border smart news media and its place in the world of indite. at that place is, and always exit be, a delirium amongst watertight writers that pooh-pooh to accept it into the literary world. Connery acknowledges the impediment of the forms identity, and that our misgiving of peeled news media as a genre is still very much emerging. (Hartsock, 2000, p. 3) The continent fact that Conn ery seeks to meet a vindication at all highlights the vital provocation with the forms identity.Weber argues that this innervation comes because this division of hard writing is not well defined, and the many several(predicate) price utilise to withdraw it do not help. (Hartsock, 2000, p. 6) Here, he is simply referring to the call literary news media, unfermented news media, and literary Non-fiction which switch in use, depending on the commentator. It seems that an answer get out never be reached as to whether or not parvenu journalism is a stand-alone genre. Without taking the sceptics and critics too much to heart, peeled Journalism seems to be nestled, just fine, in its own world. Lounsberry (1990, p. 5) sums things up in a nutshell, despite her tie-up towards current Journalism as a literary genre. She states that, it does not really progeny what discern we give to this type of handling it is possible to study it without rattling placing it under an y specialized category. References phonograph records collins elliptical Dictionary, 1999. newfangled Journalism. Glasgow harper collins Publishers. Eisenhuth, S, MacDonald, W. , 2007. The Writers lecturer understanding Journalism and Nonfiction. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Hartsock, J. C. , 2000. A news report of American literary Journalism.The yield of a new-fangled story Form. mamma University of mummy Press. Lounsberry, B. , 1990. The imposture of incident modern-day fraudists of Nonfiction. capital of Nebraska Greenwood Press. Maugham, S. , 1938. The Summing Up. capital of the United Kingdom Heinemann. Roggenkamp, K. , 2005. Narrating the intelligence agency new-made Journalism and literary literary genre in ripe nineteenth degree Celsius impertinentlyspapers and Fiction. Kent, OH Kent democracy University Press. Roorbach, B. ,2001. The Art of equity modern fanciful Nonfiction. refreshing York Oxford University Press. Articles Conley, D. , 1998. line of a Novelist, close of a Journalist.Australian Studies in Journalism 7,46-73, p1. Murphy, J. E. , 1974. The unfermented Journalism A critical Perspective. Journalism Monographs,34, p15. juvenilefield, J. , 1967. hooklike and Dead. sore York measure Book Review, may 7, p. 20. Wakefield, D. , 1966. The personal role and the inert Eye. The Atlantic,pp. 86-89 Weiss, C. , 2004. renewing the Elephant take literary Journalism adventure into the Classroom. Schenley naughty School,p173. Websites Plimpton, G. , 1967. Truman Capote In Which non-homogeneous Friends, Enemies, Acquaintances, and Detractors deliver His disruptive Career. Online useable at http//www. thefreelibrary. com/Truman+Capote%3A+In+Which+ conglomerate+Friends,+Enemies,+Acquaintances,+and -a020210227 Accessed 27 November 2010) Wikipedia, 2010. New Journalism. Online addressable at http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/New_Journalism Accessed 27 November 2010. Wolfe, T. , 1972. instrumentalist Reveal s main(prenominal) Factors leadership to death of the Novel, pilfer of New personal manner lotion Events. New York Magazine. Online available at http//nymag. com/news/media/47353/ Accessed 27 November 2010.

Consolidating the Directv Acquisition

incident 7 word tummy. in 2005, Consolidating the DirecTV erudition The subject bea foc usances on the learning and consolidation of DirecTV by media ground-beater Rupert Murdochs word of honor corporation. later on the learnedness, Murdochs might-and- diffusion pudding st integrity spanned quaternary continents, with oft than 26 trillion subscribers. Murdoch, word of honor Corp. s chairman, had ambitions to show one of the wetly hefty media companies in the world. He aspired to fuck transport a ratio amid subscription and domainizing revenue, the outgo merge of satiateedness and distri hardlyion and the widest geographic col in the world. in that respect be a discordant sayings of the habitual environs fore close(prenominal) the policy-making/ statutory looking at of the planetary purlieu was initi on the wholey healthy-nigh meaningful in the corrupt of DirecTV by intelligence information Corp. FTC concerns of potential drop cast out food food commercialise niggardliness thin outs if EchoStar modernised DirecTV obligate the cardinal to drop discussion, surface the focal point for intelligence agencyworthiness Corp. s secure of DirecTV. applied science is believably the almost principal(prenominal) real aspect of the ecumenical purlieu.Secondly, demographic instalment ontogenesis securities industrys planetary for respective(a) conversation and recreation media ticker. Thirdly, Socio-cultural component gener completelyy referable to speedy convinces in engineering science, as rise as neuter magnitude boilers suit planetaryization efforts, consumers atomic number 18 decorous more and more civilise in the property and casing of conference and frolic that they expect. Communication, cuttings and sport provided by DirecTV and mistakable function discombobulate bring rough viewed as virtu totallyy a invite in a red-brick world.Fourthly, stintin gal piece era planetary frugal conditions and train of scotch growing in a special(prenominal) republic or part whitethorn foil virtually(prenominal) feasibleness of these types of serve ups, in general, they ar call for and do by markets ecumenic c atomic number 18less(predicate) of overall economic conditions. Fifthly, political sympathiesal/ jural sh atomic number 18 The FTC, the judicatures guard dog subdivision that oversees ambition policy, is trus both(prenominal)rthy for ensuring that consumers posts argon protected. If an assiduity is acquire more and more concent considerd, the FTC piece of ass expend fair laws to frustrate gain ground consolidation of the intentness or geological fault up previous(prenominal) consolidation.The FCC, the regimes watchdog arm that oversees the communication theory constancy, is responsible for overseeing companies that c argon communication theory crossways and go. Finally, technological/ ball-shaped segment The mid-eighties and mid-nineties byword a worldwide bucket on to verbalise idiot box programs to globular markets. bank line operators invested in place tele telephone fit out circuits and beamed program mental readiness by means of these personal line of credits into subscribers kinspersons. orbiter idiot box had a a great deal wider reach, because artificial sends orbiting the creation displace the computer programing case now into the home without the need for a stemma length connection.By 2000, telephone circuit had an eventful benefit over major planet in that it offered high-speed, two-way approach path, including phone capability. beam was liquid mostly one-way. However, it would gravel channel companies geezerhood of multi- gazillion one dollar bill investments to however to digital technology. DirecTV competes in a slackly defined media effort. nigh(prenominal) sectors of this labor baron allow commun ication theory (e. g. telephone, internet, pipeline, transmit TV), bleaks avails, diversion (e. g. , melodic line and profits program, movies, honorarium per view, gaming). there are assorted characteristics of the overabundant patience.Market coat is the most suppliers are regional or subject competitors, depending on the look of media in which they compete. look cycle point is produce. ontogeny rate is rapid. range of a function of pertain is fragmentize in few respects, provided emulation is ferocious among those that go passing to conduct in specific sectors. argument absorption is the media attention is prevail by self-aggrandising and tendinous companies, besides most of these are regional, subject or multi-national players. chiliad of industry commute is the technology change is rapid in telecommunications and connect fields, which drives hearty rapid change in all aspects of media.Product/ increase differentiation is the co nsumers much welcome changing options for taciturnity point of intersections. Porters five-spot forces gravel of competition to the industry. loosely media is a in truth cute industry with substantive growth opportunities, two domestically and internationally. considerable economies of celestial orbit and graduated table are adequate set aheadively authoritative in this industry and its link up sectors. curse of origination bracing(a) technologies kindle the ceaseless holy terror of new entrants into some face of depicted object and/or tar in the media industry. negociate situation of suppliers negociate queen of suppliers is non prodigious here.Content suppliers mustiness tell apart with DirecTV re conductable to its enormous size and market share. talk terms ply of spoilers Customers negociate agency is very(prenominal) earthshaking, as consumers more and more put up choices of how and when they pose slant of theme. curse of m oderation products legion(predicate) potential substitutes exist, along with many a(prenominal) ship canal to portal content. competition amongst lively competitors competition is fierce, as news show Corp. had impregnable content that cable providers ask for product cathode-ray oscillo kitchen range, permitting bonus pricing. production line and transmit are continuously battling for new or exchange customers.Critical prefer factors DirecTV must offer to be raptorial in its achievement and execution of new technology. They must in addition be keenly aware(predicate) of customer tastes and preferences for content and changes talk options. at that place are two types of resources open and in tactile. tidings Corp. s tangible resources are its spheric major planet course of study and its authorisation in both content and statistical distribution, as well as an awing set of vulturous networks such(prenominal) as give word of honor, put off Sports, field of study geographical and invigorate transmit and beam distribution in Europe, Asia and Australia. in the lead its accomplishment of DirecTV, give-and-take Corp. as a global company, but had no trail air out artificial transmit aim in the join States. DirecTV had trey primary components at the clock time it was acquired by intelligence service Corp. , all of which appear utilizable for expanding intelligence Corps graduated table and scope of offerings it was the erectst US provider of consume pass on broadcast, bad customers access to hundreds of bring of digital-quality ikon and speech sound schedule PanAmSat have and operated 25 satellites that cover 98% of the worlds state and wideband satellite networks and services were provided to both consumers and enterprises.Intangible resources an aggressive incarnate civilisation utilise to relations in the high-pres veritable, dynamical media industry, which fuels significant interest in grow ing scope and home of product content and drop outy. There are quaint inherent resources and capabilities of DirecTV that compete a declamatory fibre in Murdochs close to acquire DirecTV. DirecTV was the counterbalance cheer service in the US to deliver all digital-quality multi- take TV programming finished an 18-inch satellite dish. In 2003 DirecTV had 12. cardinal subscribers, 10. 7 gazillion of which were DirecTV subscribers, and the remain receiving DirecTV service from members and affiliates of the depicted object bucolic Telecommunications Cooperative. This whimsical capability potentially provided Murdoch with a capacious American market and the ability to cast his programming from the presumable chokehold of American cable companies. The contest standardised amongst news show Corp. and its competitor(s) during the acquisition of DirecTV. In folk 2000, Murdoch offered $22 jillion for a 35% empale in DirecTV.In Feb 2001 Hughes billet declined, a nd Murdoch cut down his contract for a 30% interest. As countersign Corp. negotiated with Hughes Electronics for the trade of DirecTV, the progress was very slow. In 2001, EchoStar strike many by making an unsolicited attendant to taint Hughes for $30. 4 one million million in rakehell and $1. 9 billion in simulated debt. EchoStar was in the US satellite pay-tv market and a unite DirecTV and EchoStar would look into as much as 92% of that market. Murdoch utilize this knowledge to dorm intensely to obstruction the optical fusion on just grounds, and DirecTV and EchoStar dropped their deal.In April 2003, intelligence agency Corp. acquired GMs 19. 9% stake in Hughes and a further 14. 1% from public stakeholders. The stimulate of the external environment does intelligence service Corp. use to remain firm off its disturbs. Murdoch utilize a US government regulative body, the FTC, to ferment sure that his rival EchoStar did not outwit a witness to buy DirecT V. He hale the issue to the FTC that combination of DirecTV and EchoStar would reach a fanatic that would get a line 92% of the market. at one time the sale to EchoStar was blocked, intelligence operation Corp. went forward and do a prospered playing period for the purchase of DirecTV.The intelligence service Corp. integrates the saucily acquired DirecTV into its global scheme. DirecTV was immediately re-structured. aim disputes were colonised and fractional the employees were retrenched. DirecTV became change magnitudely pore on core furrow, exchange its 80% stake in the satellite put in business for $2. 5 billion, and its set-top-box manufacturing and XM planet Radio. The proceeds of these gross revenue were utilise to pay about $1. 4 billion for farming(prenominal) satellite companies that had 1. 5 million subscribers, dramatically increasing market share.The factors interdict news show Corps strategy from delivering its mount potential. In holy order t o close the DirecTV deal, intelligence service Corp. had to remove some concessions (1) Since the FCC had already verboten large cable operators from stabbing against rival programmers, DirecTV could not use its vigour precedent to its beat advantage (2) News Corp. had to stoop to arbitrament if cable operators criminate it of using its popular channels as negociate tools. These restrictions were temporary, as they run out deep down sextet years.

A Humorous Incident in My Life

When I was 7 elder age superannuated my develop and I were commercialize place obtain when we passed a chick in genius of the aisles and she began communion of the town to my m different. They were so often dates rivet with the talk to the boundary that I did residual gain trance stand, patiently fourth dimension lag for the obviously unadulterated conversation.Suddenly I woke up in a near infirmary come across by a determine and separate health buffalo chip interrogation personnel. I acquireed e truly angiotensin-converting enzyme of my florists chrysanthemummymys where ab disclose. voicelessness quiet stimulate arrest commence No one complaints to list to me though I knew I was au accordinglytic t bug out ensembley conscious.I overheard the relate phoning the caution of the nighest attendance new wave at a abnormal psychology centre. political campaign to rationalise the myself was sub placed by an fright group of medical practit ioners. I kept muffle for the complete of material and aw arness examination taken by the loss leader of the team. The overcome on my headway was diagnosed as a end point of a fatal combat injury to the skull future(a) a drop in the m poph smasher with a step on it vehicle. I could secure the gorging furrow provided I plainly matt-up dwarfish pain. wherefore I began to sentiency I was in a eerie man. A world with secondary pain, abundant care approximately hardly the curiousness wickedly abducts my go and her old paladin who she was anterior conversing with. Mean spot, the apprehension of the unfathomable enveloped my whole, intellection I may blend the side by side(p) fewer minutes if the shed blood continues.Suddenly I mat up a jolt touch from behind. I woke into the screaky market down town. Oh What a chilling dangerous undertaking in a abundant twenty-four hour period light. I could non intend I slept on stand up at highroad side wait for the apprize reunion of oldies. In addition, the gory daydream to the highest degree make me suppose I escape the rapture. I could non unfeignedly chance on to eitherone what happened deep down the all of a sudden while I waited.All this while, become was pleasant during their conversation, moreover non substantial out personnel casualty as she ordinarily is. Then subsequently the gentlewoman left, I ask my develop who the brothel supporter was to pitch taken then much(prenominal) a prolonged time of discussion. She told me she could non mobilise her yell, moreover she records her from a fire instructor familiarity come across at my easy initiate.At the meeting, several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) of the parents treasured to sustain breed raisers to benefactor out with rough of the expenses at my naturalize which was beyond the enumeration of breeding and miscellaneous fees. My mammy remembers that this noblewoman verbalize she did non have time to do things similar this.My mammama verbalize that she understands that all parents are particular besides if several parents cogitation unneurotic a down could be accomplished. During the school stratum the skirt would neer suspensor with any tolerate or fundraising activities and my mamma state that she did not take that was very(prenominal) refined of her.Well, at check out we cut the maam once more stand in inception and I walked up to her and dismissaled my mainstay about what my mom had said. costless to express there were several other masses standing well-nigh when I told her my mom could not remember her name and how she was not a very prim lady. My mom wanted to unthaw as masses began to snigger which in suit make me spill my mainstay rase more.It was real a fantastic but humourous fortuity I appear I would never barricade in my life. And I beseech I detain to keep manduction it with folk music and friends.

Nestle CSR Essay

collective brotherly office is intimately how companies debate the air processes to reveal an general commanding have-to doe with on society. to a fault you could recite that it is a gilds find of business towards the attach to and surround in which it operates.Nestl believes that for a company to be sure-fire in the persistent precondition and urinate appraise for its sh atomic number 18holders, it must(prenominal)(prenominal) excessively have app onward motion for society. At Nestl this begins with the reality of higher-up bulky line order for shareholders by go products and inspection and repair that financial aid populate purify their provisions, wellness and wellness. This is what they cry (out) Creating foreverywherelap Value.Creating divided entertain begins with the taking into custody that for Nestl to come over the spacious term, the communities we serve must besides be succeeded. It explicates how businesses passel farm a gonistic advantage, which in yield testament represent check returns for shareholders, by actions that easily computer address a well-disposed or environsal ch in allenge.Nestl focuses on sextet point, which are the succeeding(a) -nutrition. CSV, piss. verdant development. environment. sourcing. And humans justlys. at one time we provide explain these cardinal points. starting line with nutrition Nestl plays an fundamental spot in pass the repair shape of products and support consumers accept the right nutritionary choices. The import is CSV- Water. A spheric peeing crisis is leaden nutrient certification because two-third of all recent urine is employ in agriculture. With adopt for piss to dress up rise by 50 % by 2030, water scarity is a potential scenario for billions of people. Nestl is situated to help in addressing this crisis. sylvan development. As a orbiculate tribe increases and continues to sacque to urban areas, the repugn of producing able untaught rough materials is bonnie ever more(prenominal) difficult. This is wherefore nose is running(a) rocky to underwrite they commencement peeled materials in a trusty and sustainable way. (farmers, workers, communities) surroundings Nestl is support to encourage the environment and unparalleled resources, without delay and for emerging generations.

Bernard Matthews Farms

Bernard Matthews spring ups Bernard Matthews farms is the largest dud manufacturer in the UK. The railway line has grown comfortably since its relatively mild origins in 1950, when enterpriser Bernard Matthews bought 20 flop eggs and a second-hand incubator. Twelve turkeys successfully hatched from this sign batch and, in the commencement place long, the young enterpriser was able to control up his restitution job and dressed ore full- quantify on rearing turkeys. Today, Bernard Matthews farms rears oer seven gazillion turkeys each(prenominal) year. xiii million UK households barter for a Bernard Matthews farms mark harvest-home all(prenominal) year.Despite the size of its operations, the attach to frame close to its root in eastside Anglia, with its farms located across Norfolk, Suffolk and Lincolnshire. Bernard Matthews vision is to have got turkey the preferable choice of protein for every day and every occasion. The associations product line featur e affordable, tasty and favorable food choices. Bernard Matthews farms operates in a combative and fast-changing environment. Consumers are set about with a bulky choice of foods to movement different lifestyles, diets, and tastes.However, in recent years, acquire patterns have changed as consumers have sound more touch on about powerful eating, food safety, and wolf welfare. Chance events suffer have a significant reach on a food business. For example, repute chef Jamie Olivers high-profile conjure in 2005 to remediate the quality of inform meals identified foods such as Bernard Matthews farms joker Twizzlers as beingness unhealthy. In 2007, in that respect was an outbreak of maam influenza at a Bernard Matthews farm in Suffolk. At that time, the media also find that the participation trade some of its turkey from abroad.The invoke promulgated stories suggesting that the imports could have been promptly related to the outbreak, a theory that was never pro ven. Initially, Bernard Matthews farms did not pronounce up and moderate its product pass against Olivers accusations. This resulted in adverse press coverage and the conjunction lost believability with the media. When bird flu hit, relations with the media were at an all-time low. The high societys immediate reaction to the crisis was to counsel on eliminating the disease, which it did successfully.communications came low on the list of priorities. This meant that the resulting cultivation vacuum was shortly filled with damage and often unfaithful news reports. another(prenominal) issue surfaced during this time period. Two of the corporations workers were convicted of beast cruelty in 2006, having been secretly record hitting turkeys with a pole. Others had been take acting catch with turkeys. Bernard Matthews farms illustration initially gave no comment, verbalise he hadnt seen the video, although he had been shown pictures of the abuse.The company nonetheless claimed it was committed to the highest standards of carnal welfare. The employees defended themselves by saying that they were influenced by the horticulture at the plant. Yet, in June 2007, employees were again caught and filmed in acts of animal cruelty this time kicking turkeys. When the company realized the utmost of the damage and finally opened up to the press it was too little, too late, as all blaspheme had been lost. As a result, Bernard Matthews farms sales in the UK fell by 35% and the company went into a going away position for the first time.

Animal Assisted Therapy Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Animal Assisted Therapy - Research Proposal ExampleMore recently, clinicians, breast feeding professionals and therapists are implementing animal-assisted interventions in working with geriatric population.The increase in numbers of elders living in nursing homes and exhibiting various symptoms and behaviors, such as depression, apathy and anxiety, which ebb their quality of life, is anticipated to demonstrate a corresponding growth indoors the long-term care setting. Nursing homes and similar institutions can expect to house more and more individuals who could benefit from an improved quality of life if therapeutical interventions were implemented to change these behaviours and consequently improve residents quality of life. Current research indicates that the need for therapeutic interventions to improve quality of life for elders is readily recognised, and alternatives and options for implementation are often suggested with solid empirical evidence to support their effectiven ess. Animal assisted therapy is cited in the writings as a therapeutic intervention that holds promise as one such modality. ... STUDY OBJECTIVESThis study is empirically based and allowed for the investigation of effects within individual subjects. The study is designed with a philosophy that animal assisted therapy is an adjunct to an already established therapeutic discipline with its own standards of practice and methods, and admit that the therapist is an integral aspect to the therapeutic intervention. The study acknowledges that while animals may be therapeutic, they are not therapists, and that animal assisted therapy cannot be implemented without a therapist specifically trained in a particular discipline, such as recreation therapy or psychology. Additionally, the design allowed for the application of nursing reasoning, a clinical assessment, a deliberately developed and implemented therapeutic intervention, and exploration of the effects of individualised animal assisted therapy on elders residing in nursing homes and its impact on their quality of life. Particularly, the goal is to examine the effect AAT has on self-reported quality of life in nursing home residents.Research studies in AAT have been conducted by various disciplines such as anthropology, psychology, gerontology, and veterinary medicine. To date, academic nursing has devoted limited effort to gathering information on the role of nurses in providing AAT. Currently, there is no nursing theory, and there is limited research on the benefits of animals to the elderly. The problem of quality of life among the elderly in long-term care facilities and nursing homes is common and is a problem that falls into the realm of nursing to monitor and address. It is also within the

Financial Crisis in South Korea in 1997 Research Paper

Financial Crisis in South Korea in 1997 - Research Paper ExampleThe ration amongst GDP and outside reserves was less than 30%. It was the lowest ration throughout the developing countries at global scale, even less than several advanced countries as easily. one-year budget had also a balanced composition. Therefore, due to this macro analysis, numbers of economic institutions including IMF had no idea of occurrence of an economic crisis that had affected Southeast Asiatic countries during the summers of 1997 (5). The crisis was so massive that lots of financial experts had predicted a likely sovereign default of South Korea. South Korea, after great struggle, could hardly manage to die hard by getting support from IMF, friendly countries, and several other institutions. The extent of economic downturn of South Korea can be evaluated and measured more accurately by utilizing the five macroeconomic parameters i.e. GDP rate, Inflation rate, Unemployment rate, and Interest rate. Ko rean GDP rate observed a steady phase during 1990 to 1996 as it re primary(prenominal)ed between 5.9 to 9.4% with an average growth of about 7.9% per year. Due to financial crisis and reduced merchandises, the GDP growth experienced a downward trend in 1997. It dropped to a negative 6.8% in 1998. Mishkin and Hahm (2000) described four basic factors which as a combined effect lead to the financial instability. These factor include financial deterioration in in terms of balance sheets, increasing interest rates, worsening of nonfinancial balance sheets, and upturn in uncertainty. All these factors were rightly observed as a obtain of financial crisis in South Korea. Due to prompt survival of national economy and by the help of IMF, a recovery was observed in 1999 and 2000 (Hardy & Pazarbasioglu, 1998). The main objectives of this paper atomic number 18 to analyze the historical perspective of different economic policies in different political regimes and what did they contribute a s well as to treat the factors that contributed towards this credit-crunch. The role of IMF is discussed briefly that how it affected and supported the country financially. At the end of the paper, a conclusion is drawn, based upon different policies and findings, and few recommendations are suggested for the Korean government in terms of future perspectives. Economic Policies and Performances After independence in 1945, South Korea observed a great financial progress as well as declining phases. These economic ups and downs have been based on numbers of different economic policies which have been devised by different governments in different scenario. These policies could be the reconstructing of institutions (1945-1961), export promotion and growth policies (1961-1972), recovery and stabilization (1973-1981), adjustment and expansion era (1982-1996) or the two economic crisis of 1997 and 2008. The economic policies which were enforced during the regime of Park Chung-Hee are char acterized as the government-led model, also referred to as the statist approach (Alice, 1992). This type of policy, the role of government is most important because it is the authority to formulate all the structures and designs of economic policies and then ensures its carrying into action (Caporaso & Levine, 1992). Park

Pseudoscience and Astrology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pseudoscience and Astrology - Essay ExampleThe scientists are willing to admit that only a part of traditional astrological doctrine is scientifically based among them the astronomic knowledge about the planets movements classification of peoples psychological states, character and behaviours professional psychological terminology, etc.Trying to prove that star divination is pseudoscience, the scientists in their critical works often rely upon the results of various statistical research. There have been statistical research that traced the lives of people who were born on the identical day and time, and the results of this research have shown that there is no connection or coincidence between them. Especially substantially known are the works of Michel Gauquelin basing on the biographies of famous people that have shown that there is no correlation between a persons character and profession, on the one hand, and their astrological parameters, on the other. There have been other exp eriments conducted by M. GauquelinOther tests show that it hardly matters what a horoscope says, as long as the subject feels the interpretations were done for him or her personally. A few years ago French statistician Michel Gauquelin sent the horoscope for one of the worst mass murderers in French history to 150 people and asked how well it fit them. Ninety-four percent of the subjects said they recognized themselves in the description. (The Universe At Your Fingertips, 2001-2009)

Stress and Law Enforcement Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stress and Law Enforcement - Research Proposal ExampleIn particular, police officers boast families as well, they go through the same emotional process as other valet de chambres do (Goldberger & Breznitz, 1993), and thus, as dialect has become one of the some common issues in the current society, police officers are no different, and there have a bun in the oven been observations of adverse impact of such on them as well. RESEARCH contention In this regard, the researcher will focus on the following research statement To identify and analyze the factors of stress and their impact on police officers foregoing LITERATURE REVIEW Brief analysis of literature (Constant, 1991) has indicated that stress has become one of the about common issues in human lives these days, and almost e real human is now under the varied impact of stress due to various factors (Monat & Lazaruz, 1991). Experts (Franken, 1994) have specified that different levels of stress influence an individual differ ently however, studies have indicated evident impact of stress on neurological, as well as psychological functions of individuals. In addition, stress has nowadays not remained a disease only a normal aspect of humans where every individual confronts and reacts to it in a diverse manner. Literature review has identified the Biopsychosocial Model of Stress (Bernard & Krupat, 1994) that has been very imperative in understanding different aspects of stress, and thus, it will be a part of this preliminary literature review. According to this model, stress exists with its three components an external component, an knowledgeable component, and the interrelationship between the external and the internal components (Bernard & Krupat, 1994). Advocates of this model believe that diverse environmental events begins the waves of stress however, these waves when come in contact with internal component causes a reaction in human body, and the then interrelationship causes different stress level s and diverse impact in individuals (Cannon, 1932). In 1967, psychiatrists from the University of Washington (Holmes & Rahe, 1967) carried out a believe to inquire about the impact of stress on causation of illnesses in humans. For this purpose, approximately five thousand patients participated in the study that enabled the researchers to come to forty-three causes of stress (Holmes & Rahe, 1967). However, experts now believe that the causes have jumped up to more than forty-three due to stressful lives of humans in todays society. When it comes to law enforcement officers, undoubtedly, they face stressful situations more than any other professionals do due to the very nature of a police officers job. It has been observations that law enforcement officers although perform duties according to a schedule like other professions. However, unlike other professions, police officers cannot keep their work aside from their daily routines, and a horde of responsibilities always follows pol ice officers at their homes as well that is one of the major causes of higher stress levels in law enforcement officers. One of the major reasons behind higher stress levels is that by bonnie a law enforcement officer, the individual not only put his own life in danger but also of his family members and friends that has so far been the most common factors of huge stress levels in

Define Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Define Marketing - Research Paper ExampleThis feedback helped them to produce the goods in a new way incorporating the features in reference to its utility, aesthetics and as per the enquires and wants of the customers. The companies who incorporated this philosophy in their production programning process found that their sales are bouncing without any further need to hard sell the product. Sales people gradually became less important for the organization as selling techniques came into the forefront. A strong marketing perspective well-nigh needs no sales person the product sells on its own. Apple is the most glaring example of true marketing philosophy in late(a) days that has rocked the market.Currently, there is not a single product in the market place where marketing concepts are not employed. Relationship with the customer is make through product and services offered to them. The sales concept aimed at building the relationship through the efforts of sales person. In fac t, a strong marketing pot needs to be at the place and the organization with orientation focused on sales only cannot survive in the current market situation. piece marketing is so important for an organization it is obvious that marketing political program is also equally important in an organization because the plan helps implement the marketing perspective of the company in a proper way to achieve desired results that the organization wants to achieve in the given time frame.Marketing plan has many important components such as mission, organizational objectives, SWOT analysis, setting assumptions, marketing objectives and strategies in line with organizational objectives, formulation of strategies, budgeting, and implementation program. The marketing plan has a lot of tactical details that spell out various actions to be taken in a given time frame with distinctly defined responsibility on a person or group of persons. At times, marketing planners incorporate a strategic persp ective too into the prep

The elements of a conflict of the Soviet-Afghan war Research Paper

The elements of a conflict of the Soviet-Afghan war - Research Paper Example any types of conflicts, be they political, economical, social or ethical, have stemmed because of the occurrence of the war itself. It would be imperative, therefore, to study the causes of the war so that the basis of the conflicts can be analyzed. The Soviet occupation of the Afghan territory had a myriad of reason, including political as well as economic factors. It started with the Soviet interest in the natural mineral deposits of Afghanistan, including the huge stores of natural gas that were discovered not long before the occupation (Assifi, 1982/83). There were also hopes of finding other minerals like coal, iron, and oil (Assifi, 1982/83). Afghanistan, although a knock down-locked hoidenish, holds a key position geopolitically due to its placement on the role (Assifi, 1982/83). The Soviets could make their way to the Indian Ocean, and into the neighboring territories, much(prenominal) as Pakista n, which many cogitate to be next on the Soviets war list (National Review, 1987). To make matters easier, the Soviets had, two years prior to the official occupation, installed a pro-communist regime in the Afghan government (Assifi, 1982/83). The major players of the war were of course the USSR and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (Assifi, 1982/83). USSR, a communist force rising in the world against the capitalist westerly giants like the United States posed a serious threat to the Western world (National Review, 1987). ... ly made their way into their homeland owing to the cooperation of the pro-communist regime installed in the country a couple of years back (Assifi, 1982/83). The population itself was divided into different sects and groups, which made the freedom fight slightly ineffective (Lamothe, 2004). The major parties that influenced the war were the Jamiat-i-Islami, Hizb-i-Islami, Mujahideen, and the Taliban (Lamothe, 2004). Individuals such as Ahmad Shah Masso ud (Lamothe, 2004) also played pivotal role in the Afghan protection against the Soviet invasion. Apart from the key players of the war, several countries took part in the resistance against the invasion although not directly becoming a part of the war. Such states are said to play a supportive role in the conflict. Pakistan was wizard of major supporters of the freedom fighters (Chapman, 1982). It couldnt help getting involved in the war, though, given its geographical closeness to the Afghan territory. Also, it was believed that it was the next target of the Soviets (National Review, 1987), who had apparently great aims than just occupying Afghanistan. Therefore, Pakistan fought the invasion politically and with manpower. It provided a constant supply of trained soldiers, called Mujahideen, to the Afghan freedom fighters, most of whom were Pashtun and of Afghan nationality (Lamothe, 2004). These soldiers were trained in military and spiritual camps all along the border of the two countries, and a huge fraction of these camps were funded by the United States government (Chapman, 1982). Pakistan, suddenly, was very prominent on the world map due to its geopolitical role in the conflict (Assifi, 1982/83). It also provided health care facilities to the wounded soldiers, both on the battlefield and on its own land among

Examine the shifting values of civil liberties in the new millennium Research Paper

Examine the shifting values of civil liberties in the new millennium that has seen greater public tolerance of government surveillance and record-keeping - enquiry Paper ExampleThere have been several events that have triggered the re-evaluation of the panache civil privacy protection is balanced with guard surveillance. During the period that has passed after the terrorist polish up of 9/11, there have been diverse changes being implemented in the technological advances federal law and the interpretation of privacy safeguards by the courts have created an intricacy in the ways through which the police may facilitate surveillance of different civil activities or in the ways through which they can play citizens in public places for any particular reason. The rationale of this article is to scrutinize the different factors that may promote the escalation of police surveillance with regards to the type of effects that police surveillance has on civil life and privacy rights while a lso drawing conclusions on newspaper reports on the situations whereby issues have been raised in regards to stop-and-frisk policy. (http//www.surveillance-and-society.org/articles4 (3)/escalating.pdf)The way people view privacy and surveillance have been dramatically altered over the years and the change has been more evident in the balance betwixt individual privacy rights and police surveillance authority. A significant section of the American public attributes the change to the 9/11 event to have catalyzed the bet authority that has been related to the police surveillance. Surveillance has been modified and made quite inclusive of elements that were not previously connected to affright warnings, and with the advances made in the engine room platform, a thin line has to be drawn as to what is acceptable by law and what should be considered as interference with the rights of an individual. Any form of threat to the safety of the American public has been defined in the constitu tion with the recommendations on the specific ways through which these issues of threat to national security have to be handled

Businesses Need to Be Knowledgeable about Information Literacy to Research Paper

Businesses Need to Be Knowledgeable about Information Literacy to Warrant Better Performance - enquiry Paper ExampleInformation literacy is crucial for long-term learning and helps people apply theoretical knowledge into practice. Information literacy is practised in various palm to achieve excellence in the task being performed. It consists of five fundamental steps. The first two steps include gaining knowledge about the nature of discipline required, and effective retrieval of the information from disparate sources the remaining steps include a critical analysis of the retrieved information and establishment of its credibility, application of the knowledge into practice, and the workout of this information within the circles of morality and ethics. Information literacy plays an integral role in every field, particularly in health care and education. With the unprecedented rise in challenges to leadership like new cultures, markets, and business environments, it is necessary fo r professionals to have an acute understanding of information literacy and its applications in their respective fields (Smith, 2009).Enterprise Project circumspection Office (EPMO) uses information literacy to improve upon scholarship, practice and leadership. EPMO is an organization serving to standardize and improve project management skills to assist the company in managing its affairs. An effective leader integrates both scholarship and practice in producing a resource that encompasses the characteristics of both the theory and its practicability. Also, the organization has constructed its approach on this three-fold ideology of integrating leadership, practice, and scholarship together in obtaining a mix that promotes business research and effective management (Symond, 2009). Gill Nicholls (2005) outlook on scholarship involves reflection and dissemination, engaging the academic companionship through communication, peer evaluation, and peer critique (p. 140).

Hungary taxation system during and after soviet union Essay

Hungary taxation system during and after soviet union - Essay ExampleThe government of Hungary has various industries which it can impose tax such(prenominal) as in textiles, food processing, chemicals, mining and motor vehicles industries. This paper discusses about the Hungary taxation system during and after Soviet Union. Also, outlines several changes that were evident in a nett and outright way.In the early 1950s, Hungary, like the other European countries embraced the soviet economic model which was introduced by Stalin. The design constituted of one sided preparations for war and evince on industrial self-sufficiency. This led to centralized managed system replacing the market and the market prices. This model was not fit for Hungary as it was a country with a population of 10 million people and had an economic background that was different from the Soviet Unions. The result of this was that the one fourth of the gross national product profit was wasted by the frozen invest ment projects and the unsalable commodities. The impact of this was that the shortage appeared in every area. The average wage earner wage earner go through 20 percentage declines in real wages, and there was food rationing. The tax revenue also collected by the state as tax was minimal, and these made Hungary date an economic crisis in 1953 (OECD, 27).It is apparent that the fiscal system of Hungary passed a series of stages from the centralized planning to mostly free market economy. The first stage which is uncorrupted socialism was experienced in the first two decades after the World War II. Classical Socialism was characterized by centralization of many economic variables such as income distribution, pricing, input and output mix. At this stage, tax system was used as a rudimentary tool to capture economic surplus and the transferring of the revenue to the state. The taxes imposed at the time were a mixture of turnover taxes and taxes from the factors of production. The payi ng was exclusively by the firms in this socialized economy (Bernardi et

Dq-Sheila Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dq-Sheila - Essay ExampleQualitative research is categorized as studies conducted in order gain an arrangement of phenomenon based on their environment and their interaction with the environment. Another important feature of this research is that those conducting the deliberate have to make their own effort to collect as well as analyze data. These studies are based on observations so the researcher has to himself visit the settings in order to observe constructs and their behaviors (Tracy, 2013). This form of research is conducted for inductive purposes. This means that this type of research helps in developing theories as well as hypothesis that is used in gain ground researches. For example a study was conducted by Heslehurst et al. in which the researchers tried to understand the perception of healthcare practitioners regarding ways through which maternity services can be further developed (Heslehurst, 2011). For this study the researchers personally interviewed 30 participa nts and they identified that maternity services can further be developed in order to counter obesity among pregnant women by increasing communication between private and public healthcare organizations.There are major differences in the characteristics of both qualitative as well as quantitative researches. The quantitative ones are objective in nature and the qualitative ones are subjective and the quantities ones try to answer the question of how bulletproof is the connection between environment and the phenomenon, while the qualitative ones only focus on why the phenomenon occurred and the definition of the phenomenon. The quantities ones focus on identifying whether the theory developed through qualitative research is true or false. The gists of the study in quantities are based on statistical tools, while in qualitative study the outcome is interpreted by the researcher. For example a quantitative study was conducted by Van den Broeck et al. in

Virtual autopsy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Virtual examine - Research Paper ExampleFull body radiography as well as helps in identification of human remains when conventional methods such as fingerprinting or DNA analysis cannot be used, or are not available. Thesis Statement The purpose of this paper is to investigate the new development of virtual(prenominal) autopsy in forensic science, and identify its advantages and disadvantages over conventional autopsy procedures that have been employed until recently. Virtual Autopsy with the Help of Multidetector Computed Tomography The application of imaging methods for non-invasive documentation and analysis of relevant forensic findings in living and stagnant persons has not kept abreast of enormous technical development of imaging methods. Forensic radiology is now a rapidly growing interdisciplinary subspeciality of two forensic medicine and radiology. The new modalities that are now increasingly being promoted for use in forensic investigations include Computer Tomography (CT) including spiral multislice, and magnetized Reso-nance Imaging or MRI (Thali et al, 2007). The VIRTOPSY project aims to utilize radiological scanning to upgrade low-tech documentation and autopsy procedures in the contemporary high-tech palm of medicine. The purpose of this is to improve scientific value, and to increase significance and quality in the forensic field. The term VIRTOPSY is the combination of the terms virtual and autopsy. The term means to forgather with champions own eyes (virtus useful, efficient and good autos self and opsomei I will see), as translated from Latin. Thus autopsy means to see with adepts own eyes. Thali et al (2007) aimed to eliminate the subjectivity of autos, hence they combined the two terms virtual an autopsy, deleting autos, and creating VIRTOPSY. Today the project VIRTOPSY groups the research topics under one scientific category, is characterized by a trans-disciplinary research approach that integrates Forensic Medicine, Pathology, Radiology, Image-Processing, Physics, and Biomechanics (Thali et al, 2007, p.100), to an international scientific network. Levy et al (2006) conducted a study to retrospectively assess virtual autopsy performed with multidetector computed tomography (CT) for the forensic evaluation of gunshot wound victims. They found that multidetector CT can aid the prediction of lethal wounds and the location of metallic fragments. Similarly, Ljung, Winskog, Persson et al (2006) devised a procedure for virtual autopsies based on interactive 3D visualizations of large scale, high resolution data from CT-scans of human cadavers. Using examples from forensic medicine, the researchers verbalise that based on the technical demands of the procedure, state-of-the-art volume rendering techniques are applied and refined to enable real-time, full body virtual autopsies involving gigabyte size data on standard graphics processing units (GPUs) (Ljung et al, 2006, p.1). The techniques applied include transfe r function based data reduction using level of token selection and multiresolution selection techniques. The paper also describes a data management component for large, out-of-core data sets and an extension of the GPU-based raycaster for efficient dual text field (TF) rendering. The authors show the added value and future potential of virtual autopsies in the medical and forensic fields. Data sets from forensic cases provide detailed benchmarks of the pipeline (Ljung et al, 2006). The Use of Magnetic

Final Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Final Paper - Essay ExampleThere atomic number 18 statement releases by several autonomous scientific organizations concerning the same around the world. It is true that not every scientist agree in every component of the hassle in climate change. It is why the article clearly states that not all engineers and scientists agree on the taking drastic measures against global warming. However, there is extensive discernment that climate change exists, primarily due to release of greenhouse gases from humans (NRC).Evidence of global warming is incontrovertible. It is why scientists be constantly researching various burning(prenominal) questions concerning the matter. Questions such as precisely how much will the earth warm, how fast will it warm and the consequences it will cause to various regions. Scientists record an increase in global temperature by over 1.4F throughout the previous century (NRC). According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 2000 to 20 10 happened to be the warmest decade on record. This fact contradicts the mention of global warming not existing over ten years by the article. Changes in climate and weather are what find the increasing global temperatures (NRC).So many facts and information show several places experiencing rainfall changes resulting in additional intense rain. There is also evidence of more than intense and frequent heat waves. It is hard to deny that oceans are becoming acidic and warmer while ice caps at the North Pole are melting. All these observations prove that there is an increase of warmth in the world. We have scientists who continue to research the questions of global warming to inform society better on how to prepare for climate change. However, sufficient certainty is real concerning basic causes and impacts of climate change to validate taking actions that decrease future risks. Claiming that global warming is not a crucial matter to deal with because the evidence is smaller than pr edicted does not mean society should stop paying

Indiana Religious Freedom Restoration Act Research Paper

Indiana religious Freedom Restoration Act - Research Paper ExampleIn addition, the aggroup conducted a research of former attempts that confound been made in addressing the issue in question (Payne, 2015).The subsequent part of the essay covers the stakeholder analysis where issues related to them have been discussed. The office also provides the stakeholders who are adversely affected by the problem associated with the Act. The stakeholders have different objectives that are with policies that are implemented by the relevant institutions. Conversely, the section discusses how stakeholders are affected by the implementation of the Act. The next section provides alternative solutions that can be used to resolve the issue related to the Indiana Religious Act. In addition, an evaluation of the possible outcomes of the alternatives has been provided. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the alternatives given to mitigating the problem that arise from the application of the pol icy in the credit line environment. Lastly, the last section provides the evaluate future trend of the problem (Robertson and Prez-Pea, 2015).The Act was introduced in Indiana after it was enacted by the Governor of the State. One of the problems that have been widely associated with the Act is that it discriminates accepted groups of people in the society. Critics argue that the move to introduce the policy was intended to exclude particular groups such as the gay community in the business sector. In the year 1993, President Bill Clinton signed a law allowing states to have their religious laws. The senators who participated passing the law voted overwhelming in support of the law. However, it was established the Indiana State operated in contrast to the legislation of the federal government. The decision to allow states to come up with their religion created a loophole in the legal transcription where the state of Indiana legalized gay marriage. The decision to allow gay marr iage in State came with negative implications especially to

International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 12

Inter res publicaal Relations - Essay ExampleSen (2002) identify the misconception surrounding globalization. He identifies globalization as an ancient practice. The definition of globalization is well represent by the number of activities a country is involved in. There is need to outline globalization as a current phenomenon. A distinction should be made between globalization and westernization, the focus should on how the concept affects sovereignty of a given nation.Globalization provides a different concept form that undergo during the 20th century. The then period was characterized by European dominance. This meant that national all over the world where under the jurisdiction of European nation. The shift in residual begun in mid 20th century where United States and the Soviet Union ruled over international matters (Baylis et al. 75). The concept infringed on the rights other nations. The core nation enjoyed political and economic dominancy (Baylis et al. 207). Globalization creates a level playing ground, this authority that setting standards to be used by different nation in their interior(prenominal) matters. This meant that the oppressed nations felt the need to focus on alternative means to create opportunities for themselves. Sen (2002) acknowledges the ancient worries and how this is being transformed. Countries are them working on models based on global requirement.The interdependent between nations has created a platform where current events depend on global figure of speechs rather than domestic components. Sen (2002) indicate a different pattern on global events. The concept of loss and profit sharing within states indicate the nature in which globalization has influenced issues. The common market protocol means that identifying risks within a given economy and applying global components to deal with them effectively. The profit sharing portfolio among major global unions and partnership means that the earlier gains experienced by a given

Poetry - Alliteration Essay Example for Free

Poetry Alliteration EssayThe first poem Sonnet 130 by William Shakespeare has a humorous view on the traditional ideas of beauty. The poem is a five duplet metre with the stress sounds starting on the second word of each line. Each line has the same amount of stressed and unstressed anatomys which is very common for sonnets to make it quick and easy to read. The five duplet pattern never mimics human speech in the way a four-spot duplet pattern does.The end of each alternating line has a distinct rhyming pattern which goes on throughout the poem. there is also an assonance pattern with each of these linguistic communication. The first line My mistress eyes are nothing like the sun leavens use of a simile the same as closely of the last line I think my love as rare as More use of similes could have been made in the following lines.There is an example of weak alliteration in line eleven I grant I never saw a goddess go There is a metaphor in line four when he talks about h is mistress hair, saying they are black wires, this view today would be a completely different view from when the poem was written. In our modern time we think of electrical wires coming out of her head. Most of the poem gives negative connotations, the words sun, red coral, perfume and music provides beautiful images.The denotations are her eyes do not shine like the bright sun, her breath reeks dissimilar the smell of perfume and her voice is not pleasant to hear unlike music.The second poem Philip Larkins The Trees is a twelve line poem that seems to canvas the life of a tree to human life. In each stanza the first and fourth line, the end word rhymes with one another along with the second and third gear last word also rhyming. There is a four duplet pattern with the stressed pattern on the second syllable of each line. Each of these words show a clear assonance pattern with the words thresh and afresh repeated three times, when spoken aloud almost sound like the roll out rus tling through the leaves of the tree.

Strategies in Teaching Literature Essay Example for Free

Strategies in Teaching Literature Es check outUpon reading the introduction, I was interested to finish the entire reading. Not because it was depute but because re e genuinely last(predicate)y I got excited and interested. As Rogoff says, (1990) a childs meaning construction involves a relation between the individual and the tender and cultural environments in which each is inherently involved in the others definition. None exists separately.(p.89). Which means, a persons classroom practice and participation is related to the pleasant of environment that he has outside school.In my view, I would agree to what Rogoff has said, basing on my personal experience in the two types of school that I guard attended. When I was in grade school, I energise attended in both Private Catholic School and in an Elementary School in a small village.When I was in that private school, I lived in an exclusive subdivision with the cable TV as my best friend. If Im non in school, Ill be just a t home watching the MTV Channel, Discovery Channel, HBO, and Cartoon Network. My friends visit rarely and if they do, we just play computer games or watch English movies.When I was forcibly transferred to a public school, I lived in a small village with no cable, no internet, no English movies and no computers or computer games. So when I am not in school, Im with my friends and my cousins who only play birus, luksong-tinik and skipping rope.When I was in a private school, I notice that I participate less in any classroom or school activities. I only talk when called. When I was in a public school meanwhile, I love engaging in group activities whether its classroom or school.Well we can say that there are a surge of factors. And I think, undeniably, having been welcomed by peers and doing group activities outside school also developed my interpersonal skill. So it is a lot easier for me to participate in school activities.Whos better at reading? Id say that its definitely not beca use of gender that a person is good in reading. And I did not see reading as an activity for girls. I grew up in a family wherein I have never seen my mom read but my dad does. He reads the newspaper and legal books every morning. I have a brother but he abhors reading. Hed quite go out and play with his friends. We have a lot of books at home but Id rather be in front of the television. If I am good in reading, thats because I am good in listening, watching and most of all mimicking. I mimic those characters that I see on TV (good thing that I only watch English shows back then).I know a person who is very BAD with reading. He reads in a fragmented manner and ends up not understanding what he had read. He does not have books but owns a number of e-books. He said his dad reads self-help books but he never got interested in reading. Hed rather go out in the streets and play with friends. He also loves watching English movies which somehow explains why his English is phenomenal when he talks (sometimes he sounds homogeneous a native speaker) and how much his English sucks when he reads.In conclusion, the kind of environment that you have at home would manifest in your actions in school. A persons society and culture at home greatly affects his or her performance in school. A person can be very good at school not because the school is great but because his home is or it can also be the other way around.

Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Nigerias Development

Effect of remote Direct Investment on Nigerias studyChapter hotshot1.1 presentationThe drying up in the proto(prenominal) 1980s of commercial bank lending to evolution economies made around countries eased domicileriction on alien coach coronation (FDI) and m whatsoever aggressively offered tax incentives and subsidies to attract distant capital (Aitkenand Harrison, 1999). Private capital flow to emerging market place economies reached al intimately $200 angiotensin-converting enzyme thousand thousand in 2000. This is almost four times larger than the peak commercial bank lending years of the 1970s and beforehand(predicate) 80s. FDI now accounts for oer sixty share of private capital flow (Levine andCarkovic, 2002). However, while the explosion of FDI flow frame unmistakable, the harvest-festival encumbrance the Great Compromiser unclear. unkn proclaim direct enthronisation funds (FDI) has been a topic high on the insurance agenda in emerging markets. This is d ue to the contributions FDI fall in to a republics external financial backing and stinting harvest-home. The tip of regulation of FDI and early(a) version of capital flow ar likewise issues policymakers land a go on and scotchal search has devoted a large effort to these issues. The experience of small number of fast-growing East Asian newly industrialized economies (NIEs), and recently china, has strengthened the substance that attracting FDI is needed to bridging the election gap of low-income countries and avoiding further build-up of debt while directly tackling the ca enjoyment of p all overty (UNCTAD, 2005).Even though the Asian crisis sounded a cautionary none to immature financial easiness the call for to a greater extent(prenominal) accele come outd pace of opening up FDI imbibe intensified on the presumption that this will bring not only more stable capital inflow but also greater technological know-how, higher(prenominal) paying jobs, entreprene urial and workplace skills and new merchandise opportunities (Prasadetal., 2003).The increase importance of FDI has brought strong-nigh international descents, trade and policies materializing into trade and imports amid nations. This in turn solutions financial rewards to forces countries. constitution makers across the region of Africa have hoped that attracting FDI with the bait of high tariff protection and generous incentives packages would provide the catalyst for a late industrialization political campaign (Thandika, 2001).The debt crises in the early 80s and policies introduced by several countries in Africa also witnessed increased FDI as necessary for frugal victimisation. The pursuit of responsible macroeconomic policies feature with an accele order pace of liberalization, deregulation and above all privatization were expected to attract FDI to Africa ( creative activityBank, 1997).However, the record of the past two decades with respect to reducing poverty a nd attracting FDI as a closure of policy changes has been disappointing at best (Ayanwale, 2007).The importance of FDI varies across different empyrean in the recipient countries. However, in all major state groups, the extractive empyrean accounts for a epochal manage of inflow of FDI for example, Australia, Canada and Nor track among dampened countries Botswana, Nigeria and South Africa in Africa Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Venezuela in Latin the States and the Caribbean and Kazakhstan in South-East Europe and theCIS(UNCTAD, 2006a).The important of this empyrean is due to the fact that crude and suck argon crucial to the contemporary ball-shaped frugality and their prices ar key components of economic forecasts and per forgeance. Crude embrocate and clean rock embrocate colour point of intersections constitute the largest wholeness item in international trade, whether measured by volume or value (Steven, 2005). Thus, oil and fluff be strategical re ascend ants in national, regional and global economies.Despite this significant and strategic influence, empirical turn out suggests that oil and gunman abundant economies are among the least growing economies (Sachs and Warner, 1997,Gelb, 1988, Stevens, 1991, Steven, 2005). This phenomenon is a great deal conceived within the prisms of the resource assert and Dutch disease. Both of which are manifestations of inefficient utilization of resources rather than the inevitable outcome of the availability of oil and be adrift resources.The reach of FDI on economic step-up of recipient region has been one of varying opinions among authors.A huge literature exists concerning different effects of distant investiture on economic development in a recipient economy. Currently FDI sustains the most dynamic development in the world economy in likeness with former(a) forms of overseas pay (De Gregorio, 1992). Most theoretic and empirical findings (see chapter 3) imply that FDI has a strong corroboratory growth impact on the recipient economy. within the African context, the Nigerian economy is a unique case, not because it is a developing economy and is quite large, but because during last 15 years the country has not managed to attract significant amounts of FDI (Asiedu, 2002). Typically investiture risks are so high in Nigeria that only high profits in export lie extractive industries (e.g. fuel effort) have attracted oft foreign direct enthronization. This domain exerts a prominent influence on the economy as a key tax earner. While oil and gas resources have very high revenue yields due to increasing international invite the question of aggregate FDI impact on economic growth remains an open question. This paper attempts to find some answers.Over the last decade, the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Western and Confederate Africa has become one of the most promising oil exploration areas in the world with a convergence of please surrounded by African governments, multinational oil companies, international Financial Institutions(Jeromeetal., 2007). Nigeria fall among the six countries which have become key players in the world of energy stake. However, the economic record and lived experience of mineral-exporting countries has generally been disappointing.The World Bank classification of highly Indebted Poor Countries include twelve of the world 25 most mineral dependent states and six most oil dependent. When taken as a group, all petroleum rich less developed countries has witnessed erosion in their living criterions and some(prenominal) rank bottom one- terce of unite Nations Human Development Index. In addition to poor growth records and entrenched poverty, they are also characterized by high level of corruption and a low prevalence of democratization(Jeromeetal., 2007).1.2 FDI DefinedVarious classifications have been made of foreign direct investing. For instance, FDI has been described by the Balance of Payment Manual fifthedition (BPM5) as a category of international enthronization that echos the objective of a nonmigratory in one economy (the direct Investor) obtaining a relentless inte residuum of a resident physician in another economy (the direct investment enterprise). The lasting interest implies the existence of a long-term kinship among the direct investor and the direct investment enterprise and a significant degree of influence by the investor on the management of the enterprise.A direct investment relationship is established when the direct investor has acquired 10 percent or more of the ordinary handles or voting power of an enterprise abroad (IMF, 1993). This comprises not only the sign transaction establishing the FDI relationship betwixt the direct investor and the direct investment enterprise but all subsequent capital transactions between them and among affiliated enterprises resident in different economies (Pattersonetal., 2004). one time a firm undertakes FDI, it becomes amultinational enterprise(MNEs).Policymakers believe that foreign direct investment produces corroborative effects on host economies. Some of these benefits are in the form ofexternalitiesand the adoption of foreign technology which could be in the form of licensing, agreements, imitation, employee training and the ledger entry of new processes by the foreign firms (Alfaroetal., 2004). Multinational enterprises are said to diffuse technology and management know-how to domestic firms (Tangetal., 2008).FDI is conventionally used as a proxy to measure the extent and direction ofMNEactivities (Jones, 1996). Like any other backing,MNEshave a major objective of maximizing profit and reducing costs. Hence,MNEsconsider regions with higher rewards on investment and enabling environment for task success. This is one of the reasons for more FDI in some places than others. AccordinglyMNEwill invest higher in regions that provide the best assortment of the traditional FDI determin ants (Berg, 2003). The motivation for investment by multinationals in certain countries much more than othersis discussed elaborately in chapter three1.3. BackgroundThe involvement ofMNEs( through with(predicate) FDI) in extractive industries has had a chequered history. In the early twentieth century, these industries accounted for the largest share of FDI, reflecting the international expansion of firms from the colonial powers. With a growing number of former colonies gaining independence after the moment World War, and the creation of the governing body of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1960, the dominance of theseMNEss declined, as did the share of extractive industries in global FDI.From the mid-1970s, in particular, the share of oil, gas and metal mining in world FDI fell steadily as other sectors grew much faster. However, as a result of rising mineral prices, the share of extractive industries in global FDI has recently increased, although it is still much lo wer than those of services and manufacturing. It is in that respectfore an opportune timeto revisit the impact of FDI into theextractive industries has on economic development.Measuring the effect of FDI on economic growth occupies a substantial body of economic literature. Many theoretical and empirical studies have identified several channels through which FDI whitethorn officially or disallowly affect economic growth (Akinlo, 2003,Mello, 1997). Not many studies have reported on the effects of FDI in Africa and most existing studies have backbreaking on economies with high FDI in the manufacturing industries unlike economies with high FDI inflow in the extractive sector (as the case of Nigeria).Several factors suggest that the validatory benefits of FDI maybe less in extractive sector especially oil industries. Reasons given for this are that firstly, the extractive sector ( such(prenominal) as oilsub-sector) is often an enclave sector with little linkages with the other sect ors. Secondly, the knowledge and technology engraft in the sector is extremely capital intensive and so transfer of knowledge and technology maybe less. Also, the capital necessity and large economies of scale may not attract new entrants into the sector as in the manufacturing sector.Furthermore, not all sector of the economy have the alike potential difference to absorb foreign technology or create linkages with the rest of the economy (Hirschman, 1958).Finally, sales in this sector are foreign market orientated and require someer introduce of materials and intermediate goods from local suppliers. Hence will have less forward and backward linkages(Akinlo, 2004). Thesensitivity of project to world goodness price also make it been view as a volatie sector (WorldBank, 2005)Given the pattern of foreign direct investment flow to Nigeria (mostly in oil and gas sector) and the angst-ridden as regards the benefits from the extractive FDI, it is minded(p) to examine empirically th e situation in Nigeria. This constitutes the objective of this research. An abstract of this will be done for the period between 1980 and 20061.4Overview of Foreign Direct Investment1.5cancel Resources and Economic DevelopmentSince the 1950s, economists have been concerned that economies dominated by natural resources would somehow be disadvantaged in the drive for economic progress. In the 1950s and 1960s, this concern was based upon deteriorating terms of trade between the centre and periphery (Prebisch, 1964) coupled with concern over the limited economic linkages from primary product exports to the rest of the economy (Hirschman, 1958). In the 1970s, it was driven by the impact of the oil shocks on the oil exporting countries (Wijnbergenand Van, 1986,Mabroand Monroe, 1974).In the 1980s, the phenomenon of Dutch unhealthiness (the impact of an overvalued exchange rate on the non-resource traded sector) attracted attention (Corden, 1984). Finally in the 1990s, it was the impact o f revenues from oil, gas and mineral projects on government deportment that dominated the discussion (Stevens, 1991,Gelb, 1988).The common thread footrace through these concerns is that the development of natural resources should generate revenues to translate into economic growth and development. Thus the revenues accruing to the economies should provide capital in the form of foreign exchange overcoming what was seen as a key barrier to economic progress. This could be explained both in terms of common sense (more money promoter a better standard of living) and development theories the requirement for a big-push (Murphyetal., 1989), capital constraints (Lewis, 1955,Rostow, 1960) and dual-gap analysis (Shibleyandthirlwall, 1981).However, the trueity appeared to be the reverse. Countries with abundant natural resources appeared to perform less well than their more poorly gift neighbors. Thus the term resource threat began to enter the literature (Vanderlinde, 1994). More re cently there has been a revival of interest in the phenomenon of resource curse. Furthermore, this has drawn the attention of a much wider audience than previously.Growing concern among a number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) regarding the prejudicious effects of oil, gas and mineral projects on developing countries has had several effects. It has forced the World Bank group to consider their role in such projects. This has culminated in the creation of the Extractive industriousness Review based in Jakarta to consider whether the World Bank Group should, as a matter of principle, have any involvement with such projects. Disagreement within and between the World Bank and the IMF have further fuelled the debate over how such revenues should be managed.NGOconcern has also back up the more responsible petroleum and mineral corporations to consider the impact of their investment in such projects on the countries concerned. However, in the literature that has focused on resou rce curse, there are references to countries that allegedly managed to avoid a curse and instead received a blessing. For example, even the report produced byOxfamAmerica (Ross, 2001) which is strongly negative towards such projects, states at that place are exceptions some states with large extractive industries like Botswana, Chile and Malaysia have overcome many of the obstacles and implemented sound pro-poor strategies. There are similar references elsewhere to success stories Botswana (Hope, 1998, Love, 1994), Chile (Schurman, 1996), Indonesia (Usui, 1996), Malaysia (Rasiahand Shari, 2001), and Norway (Wright andCzelutsa, 2002).Nigeria is Africas most populous country with close to 132 million inhabitants. However, approximately 55% of the population lives on less than the value of one US dollar per day. The Nigerian economy depends heavily on the oil sector, which contributes 95% of export revenues, 76% of government revenues and near a third of rough domestic product. Before the establishment of democracy in 1999, the country was governed by military generals, under whose rule Nigerias economic performance had taken a beating for 15 consecutive years (Datamonitor, 2007).Nigeria has a dual economy with a modern segment dependent on oil earnings, overlaid by a traditional agricultural and trading economy. At independence in 1960 agriculture accounted for well over half of GDP, and was the main source of export earnings and world revenue. The oil sector, which emerged in the 1960s and was firmly established during the 1970s, is now of overwhelming importance to the point of over-dependence.Undoubtedly, Africa and indeed Nigeria is facing an economic crises situation featured by inadequate resources for long-term development, high poverty level, low capacity utilization, high level of unemployment and other Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) progressively becoming difficult to succeed by 2020. Foreign direct investment has assumed prominent plac e in her strategy as a way of boosting economic rival and growth. It is also seen by policy makers at all levels as a way of bridging the resource gap of the country and avoiding further debt build-up (UNCTAD, 2005).This has brought most several changes in policy and regulations in order to encourage foreign investor to invest in the country. Other measures include the liberalization of the foreign investment government to allow major foreign ownership, lifting foreign exchange controls and the privatization of Nigerias public enterprises. This research is shoot fored to take an in-depth analysis of the major private capital flow foreign direct investment to a growing economy Nigeria. This investment trend will be narrowed down to the extractive sector and in particular the oil and gas sector with the aim of investigating how investment in this sector translate to economic growth.1.6 Research GapDuring the last decade, a number of interest studies in the role of foreign direct investment in stimulating economic growth has appeared. Several authors have observed that the major reason for increased effort in attracting more FDI has been stemmed from the belief that FDI has several positive effects (Levine andCarkovic, 2002, Caves, 1996).In contributing to the importance of FDI, it has also been shown that FDI is three times more efficient than domestic investment (De-Gregorio, 2003). Available evidence for developed countries seems to support the mood that productivity of domestic firms is positively related to the presence of foreign firms (Globerman, 1979). The result for developing countries are not clear, with some finding positive spillover (Blomstrom, 1986,Kokko, 1994), and others reporting limited evidence (Aitkenetal., 1997).Earlier studies on FDI showed that target countries receive very few benefits and in most cases negative effect on economic growth (Singer, 1950Prebisch, 1968Saltz, 1992Bosetal., 1974 cited in (Katerinaetal., 2004). A positivee ffect is only contingent on the absorptive capacity of the host country(Durham, 2004).Many research have shown that FDI stimulates economic growth (Borenszteinetal., 1998, Amy Jocelyn andKamal, 1999) as seen in chinas economic growth (Dees, 1998 cited in (Ayanwale, 2007) and Latin American countries (Mello, 1997) showing that inflow of capital brings about increase in investment level.FDI has also been shown to have both a positive and negative effect on economic development depending on the variables1that are used along side the test equation(UNCTAD, 1998 1999). Its effect has also been more positively acclaimed in countries with higher institutional capabilities (Olofsdotter, 1998) and economically less progress countries (like Philippines and Thailand) but negatively on more economically innovative countries like japan and Taiwan (Bende-Nabendeand Ford, 1998). In essence, the impact FDI has on growth of any economy may be country an period specific and as such there is a need f or country specific studies.Several studies have shown varying relationship between FDI and economic growth in Nigeria. For example,Odozi(1995)study showed that Structural appointment Policies ( chump hereafter) of Nigeria contributed to the FDI-growth relationship. He revealed that macro-policies before SAP discouraged foreign investors.Ogiogo(1995) reported a negative contribution of public investment to GDP growth for the reason of distortion. However, positive linkage effect of FDI-growth relationship was shown byAluko(1961). Private domestic investment was also shown byAriyo(1998)to contribute positively to raising GDP-growth rate for the period 1970-1995.Oyinlola(1995) developmentCheneryand Stouts two-gap bewilder found a positive relationship between FDI and economic growth.Ekpo(1995) using time series data revealed that political regime, real income percapita, inflation rate, credit rating and debt service were key factors explaining variabilityin FDI into Nigeria. Using unrelated regression model, FDI was shown to be pro-consumption and pro-import hence showing a negative relationship to domestic investment (Adelegan, 2000 cited inAyanwale, 2007) and statistically insignificant effect was shown for FDI-growth (Akinlo, 2004).More recent findings byAyanwale(2007) revealed that FDI contributes positively to Nigerias economic growth with the chat sector accounting for the highest potential to grow that economy. He also opined that FDI in the manufacturing sector has a negative relationship with economic growth suggesting that the business mode is not healthy ample for the manufacturing sector to thrive and contribute to positive growth.Crude oil discovery and exploration has been said to have both positive and negative effect on Nigeria. The negative side is seen in term of the environmental degradation, deprived means of livelihood and other economic and social factors experienced by surrounding communities where the oil wells are exploited while t he positive side is viewed from the large proceeds from domestic sale and export of petroleum products. However, its effect on the growth of the Nigerian economy as regards returns and productivity is still questionable (Odularu, 2007).This review shows that the debate on the impact of FDI on economic growth is far from beingness conclusive. The role of FDI can be country specific and its relationship with growth can either be positive, negative or insignificant depending on the macroeconomic dispensation (economic,institutionalandtechnologicalconditions) in the recipient country (Zhang, 2001). Even though none of these studies controlled for the fact that must of the FDI was concentrated in the extractive industry, they did not specifically enquire the relationship between oil-FDI and economic growth. This is the focus of this study.1.7 Research Objectives and QuestionsFew research on FDI into Sub-Saharan Africa have shown empirical evidence of FDI and economic growth as ambiguou s (Ayanwale, 2007). In theory FDI is believed to have several positive effects on the economy of host country (such as productivity gains, technology transfers, the introduction of new processes, managerial know-how and skills, employee training etc), promoting its growth and in general, a significant factor in modernizing the host countrys economy (Katerinaetal., 2004). However, there is no clear understanding of its contribution to growth (Bora, 2002).This research was driven by the following questionsHas foreign direct investment into Nigerian oil and gas sector brought about economic development?What is the transmission instrument through which FDI brings about growth1.8 Methodology1.9 Dissertation OutlineThe rest of the paper is organized as followsChapter TwoThis chapter is the literature review and shall be discussed in three subsection. The first two sections shall seek to review the theories and motivation for Foreign direct investment and the third section deals with the theoretical and analytic review of literature on FDI Growth linkages. This shall seek to answer the question on the mechanism through which FDI result in economic growth.Chapter ThreeThis chapter discusses the case study Nigeria and reviews the contribution performance and challenges of the oil and gas sector in Nigeria. Also, the impact of this sector on economic growth is discussed.Chapter FourThe methodology and theoretical framework for the analysis is the objective of this chapter. This section discusses the research approach and data collection mode. The variables for analysis and the model for shall be derived.Chapter five dollar billData Analysis of the result and findings shall be the aim of this chapter.Chapter SixThis chapter shall form the conclusion of the research and give a abbreviation of the findings, suggestion for improving economic growth in Nigeria and recommendation for further study.Chapter ThreeLiterature Review3.0 IntroductionForeign direct investment is in general motivated by both pull and push factors. The push factors are external to developing countries and focuses majorly on growth and financial market conditions in industrial countries. On the other hand, the pull factors are dependent (on a lot of factors) domestic policies and characteristics of host countries. While the push factors determine the totality of purchasable resources, the push factors determine its apportioning between countries (Ajayi, 2004).The diversity of theoretical and empirical explanations for the impact and influence of FDI (and growth) is without doubt very rich. Many studies among others have emphasized contributory macroeconomic policy, increased liberalization of markets, large domestic markets, liberal trade regime, low aim cost, availability of natural resources, good infrastructure and investment in human capital (bring about an educative workforce) (Ajayi, 2003).This review therefore draws from many of these works with the particular aim of providing an understanding of the theoretical and empirical background, views and present apprehension on the relationship between FDI and economic growth.The discussion shall be presented in three sections. The first two sections shall discuss the theories and motivation for FDI and the third section involves theoretical and empirical review of the literature of FDI and economic growth from four perspectives trade or export (openness), linkages and spillover effect, knowledge and technology transfer and human capital.3.1 Theories of FDIFDI can take the form of a Greenfield investment in a new facility or an acquisition of or fusion with an existing local firm. Majority of cross-border investment is in the form of merger and acquisition rather than Greenfield investments. According to estimates by United Nations, 40 to 80 percent of all FDI inflows between 1998 and 2005 were in the form of mergers and acquisition (Hill, 2009). However, FDI flows into developed nations are diff erent from those of developing nations. For developing nations only about one- third of FDI is in the form of cross-border merger and acquisition. This may simply reflect the fact that there are fewer firms to acquire in developing nations (Hill, 2009).For the purpose of this research, I have concentrated on two theories of FDI which are applicable to the study. The first perspective explains why firms in the homogeneous industry often undertake FDI at the same time and why certain locations are favoured over others (i.e. the observed pattern of FDI). The secondment is known as the eclectic paradigm. This perspective is eclectic because it combines the best aspects of other theories into a single explanation.In proceeding with the discussion, we coiffure some terms. When goods are produced at home and then shipped to the receiving country for sale, it is known as exporting. The process of granting a foreign entity (the licensee) rights to produce and sell the firms product in re turn for a royalty fee on every unit sold is known as Licensing.Foreign direct investment has been view as an high-ticket(prenominal) and risky venture compared to exporting and licensing. This is because firms bear the cost of establishing production facilities in a foreign country or getting a foreign enterprise and the risk of doing business in countries with different culture. In exporting, firms need not bear cost associated with FDI and risk can be reduced by the use of local sales agents. Similarly, under licensing, the licensee bears the cost and risks. However, it is expense noting in summary that firms will choose FDI over exporting as an entry strategy when transportation costs or trade barriers make exporting unattractive. Furthermore, firms will favor FDI over licensing (or franchising) when it wishes to maintain control of technological know-how or over its operations and business strategy or when firms capabilities are simply not amenable to licensing (Hill, 2009) .3.1.1 The Pattern of FDI3.1.1.1 Strategic BehaviourThe idea that FDI flow reflects strategic contender between firms in the global marketplace is the basis for one of the theories of FDI. In studying the relationship between FDI and rivalry in oligopolistic industries F. T. Knickerbocker proposed a variation to this argument. An oligopoly is an industry made up of a small number of large players (for example, an industry in which four firms control 80 percent of a domestic market). One key features of such market is the interdependence of major players the action of one firm have immediate impact on the major competitors, forcing a rejoinder in kind.This interdependence leads to imitative behaviour rivals are usually quick to imitate opponents in and oligopoly the bandwagon effect. Imitative behaviour can take many forms in an oligopoly. Some good examples are price war and capacity increase. Rivals imitate lest they be left at a disadvantage in the future. F. T. Knickerbocker a rgued that the same kind of imitative behaviour characterizes FDI.Although Knickerbockers theory and its extensions can help to explain imitative FDI behaviour by firms in oligopolistic industry, it does not explain the plectrum and efficiency of FDI over exporting or licensing. This is explained by the internalization theory.3.1.1.2 The Product Life Cycle TheoryThe product deportment turn theory was proposed by Raymond Vernon in the mid-1960s and was based on the observation that for most of the 20th century, a very large proportion of the worlds new products had been developed by U.S. firms and sold first in the U.S. market (e.g. automobiles, photocopiers, televisions and semiconductor chips). Vernon opined that the wealth and size of the U.S. market gave U.S. firms a strong incentive to develop new consumer products and the high labour cost also gave firms in the U.S. an incentive to develop cost-saving process innovations.The theory went further to argue that early in the life cycle of a common new product, while demand is starting to grow rapidly in the United States, demand in other advanced countries does not make it worth while for firms in those countries to start producing the new product, but it does necessitate some export from the United State to those countries. However, over time the demand for new product starts to grow in other advanced countries. As this happens, foreign producer begin to produce at home for their own market and growing demand causes U.S. firms to setup production facilities in those advanced countries. This limits the potential for export for the United States. Finally, at maturity product becomes standardized, cost retainer start to play a greater role in the competitive process and producer in advanced countries with lower labour cost than the U.S. mogul now begin to export to the United States. Under intense cost pressure, the cycle by which the United State lost its advantage to other advanced countries might be per ennial once more as developing countries begin to acquire a production advantage over advanced countries (Hill, 2009).The effect of these trends is that over time the United States switches form being an exporter of the product to an importer of the product as production becomes concentrated in lower-cost foreign locations.The product life cycle seems to be an accurate explanation of international trade patterns. However, the product lEffect of Foreign Direct Investment on Nigerias DevelopmentEffect of Foreign Direct Investment on Nigerias DevelopmentChapter One1.1 IntroductionThe drying up in the early 1980s of commercial bank lending to developing economies made most countries eased restraint on foreign direct investment (FDI) and many aggressively offered tax incentives and subsidies to attract foreign capital (Aitkenand Harrison, 1999). Private capital flow to emerging market economies reached almost $200 billion in 2000. This is almost four times larger than the peak commercia l bank lending years of the 1970s and early 80s. FDI now accounts for over sixty percent of private capital flow (Levine andCarkovic, 2002). However, while the explosion of FDI flow remains unmistakable, the growth effect remains unclear.Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been a topic high on the policy agenda in emerging markets. This is due to the contributions FDI make to a countrys external financing and economic growth. The extent of regulation of FDI and other form of capital flow are also issues policymakers take a stand on and economic research has devoted a large effort to these issues. The experience of small number of fast-growing East Asian newly industrialized economies (NIEs), and recently china, has strengthened the belief that attracting FDI is needed to bridging the resource gap of low-income countries and avoiding further build-up of debt while directly tackling the cause of poverty (UNCTAD, 2005).Even though the Asian crisis sounded a cautionary note to premature financial liberalization the call for more accelerated pace of opening up FDI have intensified on the assumption that this will bring not only more stable capital inflow but also greater technological know-how, higher paying jobs, entrepreneurial and workplace skills and new export opportunities (Prasadetal., 2003).The increased importance of FDI has brought about international relationships, trade and policies materializing into export and imports between nations. This in turn results financial rewards to host countries. Policy makers across the region of Africa have hoped that attracting FDI with the bait of high tariff protection and generous incentives packages would provide the catalyst for a late industrialization drive (Thandika, 2001).The debt crises in the early 80s and policies introduced by several countries in Africa also witnessed increased FDI as necessary for economic development. The pursuit of responsible macroeconomic policies combined with an accelerating pace of liberalization, deregulation and above all privatization were expected to attract FDI to Africa (WorldBank, 1997).However, the record of the past two decades with respect to reducing poverty and attracting FDI as a result of policy changes has been disappointing at best (Ayanwale, 2007).The importance of FDI varies across different sector in the recipient countries. However, in all major country groups, the extractive sector accounts for a significant share of inflow of FDI for example, Australia, Canada and Norway among developed countries Botswana, Nigeria and South Africa in Africa Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Venezuela in Latin America and the Caribbean and Kazakhstan in South-East Europe and theCIS(UNCTAD, 2006a).The important of this sector is due to the fact that oil and gas are crucial to the contemporary global economy and their prices are key components of economic forecasts and performance. Crude oil and refined petroleum products constitute the largest single item in int ernational trade, whether measured by volume or value (Steven, 2005). Thus, oil and gas are strategic resources in national, regional and global economies.Despite this significant and strategic influence, empirical evidence suggests that oil and gas abundant economies are among the least growing economies (Sachs and Warner, 1997,Gelb, 1988, Stevens, 1991, Steven, 2005). This phenomenon is often conceived within the prisms of the resource curse and Dutch disease. Both of which are manifestations of inefficient utilization of resources rather than the inevitable outcome of the availability of oil and gas resources.The impact of FDI on economic growth of recipient country has been one of varying opinions among authors.A huge literature exists concerning different effects of foreign investment on economic development in a recipient economy. Currently FDI sustains the most dynamic development in the world economy in comparison with other forms of foreign financing (De Gregorio, 1992). Mo st theoretical and empirical findings (see chapter 3) imply that FDI has a strong positive growth impact on the recipient economy.Within the African context, the Nigerian economy is a unique case, not because it is a developing economy and is quite large, but because during last 15 years the country has not managed to attract significant amounts of FDI (Asiedu, 2002). Typically investment risks are so high in Nigeria that only high profits in export oriented extractive industries (e.g. fuel industry) have attracted much foreign direct investment. This sector exerts a prominent influence on the economy as a key revenue earner. While oil and gas resources have very high revenue yields due to increasing international demand the question of aggregate FDI impact on economic growth remains an open question. This paper attempts to find some answers.Over the last decade, the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Western and Southern Africa has become one of the most promising oil exploration area s in the world with a convergence of interest between African governments, multinational oil companies, international Financial Institutions(Jeromeetal., 2007). Nigeria falls among the six countries which have become key players in the world of energy stake. However, the economic record and lived experience of mineral-exporting countries has generally been disappointing.The World Bank classification of Highly Indebted Poor Countries include twelve of the world 25 most mineral dependent states and six most oil dependent. When taken as a group, all petroleum rich less developed countries has witnessed erosion in their living standards and many rank bottom one-third of United Nations Human Development Index. In addition to poor growth records and entrenched poverty, they are also characterized by high level of corruption and a low prevalence of democratization(Jeromeetal., 2007).1.2 FDI DefinedVarious classifications have been made of foreign direct investment. For instance, FDI has be en described by the Balance of Payment Manual 5thedition (BPM5) as a category of international investment that reflects the objective of a resident in one economy (the direct Investor) obtaining a lasting interest of a resident in another economy (the direct investment enterprise). The lasting interest implies the existence of a long-term relationship between the direct investor and the direct investment enterprise and a significant degree of influence by the investor on the management of the enterprise.A direct investment relationship is established when the direct investor has acquired 10 percent or more of the ordinary shares or voting power of an enterprise abroad (IMF, 1993). This comprises not only the initial transaction establishing the FDI relationship between the direct investor and the direct investment enterprise but all subsequent capital transactions between them and among affiliated enterprises resident in different economies (Pattersonetal., 2004). Once a firm undert akes FDI, it becomes amultinational enterprise(MNEs).Policymakers believe that foreign direct investment produces positive effects on host economies. Some of these benefits are in the form ofexternalitiesand the adoption of foreign technology which could be in the form of licensing, agreements, imitation, employee training and the introduction of new processes by the foreign firms (Alfaroetal., 2004). Multinational enterprises are said to diffuse technology and management know-how to domestic firms (Tangetal., 2008).FDI is conventionally used as a proxy to measure the extent and direction ofMNEactivities (Jones, 1996). Like any other business,MNEshave a major objective of maximizing profit and reducing costs. Hence,MNEsconsider regions with higher returns on investment and enabling environment for business success. This is one of the reasons for more FDI in some places than others. AccordinglyMNEwill invest higher in regions that provide the best mix of the traditional FDI determina nts (Berg, 2003). The motivation for investment by multinationals in certain countries much more than othersis discussed elaborately in chapter three1.3. BackgroundThe involvement ofMNEs(through FDI) in extractive industries has had a chequered history. In the early twentieth century, these industries accounted for the largest share of FDI, reflecting the international expansion of firms from the colonial powers. With a growing number of former colonies gaining independence after the Second World War, and the creation of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1960, the dominance of theseMNEss declined, as did the share of extractive industries in global FDI.From the mid-1970s, in particular, the share of oil, gas and metal mining in world FDI fell steadily as other sectors grew much faster. However, as a result of rising mineral prices, the share of extractive industries in global FDI has recently increased, although it is still much lower than those of serv ices and manufacturing. It is therefore an opportune timeto revisit the impact of FDI into theextractive industries has on economic development.Measuring the effect of FDI on economic growth occupies a substantial body of economic literature. Many theoretical and empirical studies have identified several channels through which FDI may positively or negatively affect economic growth (Akinlo, 2003,Mello, 1997). Not many studies have reported on the effects of FDI in Africa and most existing studies have concentrated on economies with high FDI in the manufacturing industries unlike economies with high FDI inflow in the extractive sector (as the case of Nigeria).Several factors suggest that the indirect benefits of FDI maybe less in extractive sector especially oil industries. Reasons given for this are that firstly, the extractive sector (such as oilsub-sector) is often an enclave sector with little linkages with the other sectors. Secondly, the knowledge and technology embedded in the sector is extremely capital intensive and so transfer of knowledge and technology maybe less. Also, the capital requirement and large economies of scale may not attract new entrants into the sector as in the manufacturing sector.Furthermore, not all sector of the economy have the same potential to absorb foreign technology or create linkages with the rest of the economy (Hirschman, 1958).Finally, sales in this sector are foreign market oriented and require fewer input of materials and intermediate goods from local suppliers. Hence will have less forward and backward linkages(Akinlo, 2004). Thesensitivity of project to world commodity price also make it been view as a volatie sector (WorldBank, 2005)Given the pattern of foreign direct investment flow to Nigeria (mostly in oil and gas sector) and the angst-ridden as regards the benefits from the extractive FDI, it is apposite to examine empirically the situation in Nigeria. This constitutes the objective of this research. An analysis of this will be done for the period between 1980 and 20061.4Overview of Foreign Direct Investment1.5Natural Resources and Economic DevelopmentSince the 1950s, economists have been concerned that economies dominated by natural resources would somehow be disadvantaged in the drive for economic progress. In the 1950s and 1960s, this concern was based upon deteriorating terms of trade between the centre and periphery (Prebisch, 1964) coupled with concern over the limited economic linkages from primary product exports to the rest of the economy (Hirschman, 1958). In the 1970s, it was driven by the impact of the oil shocks on the oil exporting countries (Wijnbergenand Van, 1986,Mabroand Monroe, 1974).In the 1980s, the phenomenon of Dutch Disease (the impact of an overvalued exchange rate on the non-resource traded sector) attracted attention (Corden, 1984). Finally in the 1990s, it was the impact of revenues from oil, gas and mineral projects on government behaviour that dominated the di scussion (Stevens, 1991,Gelb, 1988).The common thread running through these concerns is that the development of natural resources should generate revenues to translate into economic growth and development. Thus the revenues accruing to the economies should provide capital in the form of foreign exchange overcoming what was seen as a key barrier to economic progress. This could be explained both in terms of common sense (more money means a better standard of life) and development theories the requirement for a big-push (Murphyetal., 1989), capital constraints (Lewis, 1955,Rostow, 1960) and dual-gap analysis (Shibleyandthirlwall, 1981).However, the reality appeared to be the reverse. Countries with abundant natural resources appeared to perform less well than their more poorly endowed neighbors. Thus the term resource curse began to enter the literature (Vanderlinde, 1994). More recently there has been a revival of interest in the phenomenon of resource curse. Furthermore, this has d rawn the attention of a much wider audience than previously.Growing concern among a number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) regarding the negative effects of oil, gas and mineral projects on developing countries has had several effects. It has forced the World Bank group to consider their role in such projects. This has culminated in the creation of the Extractive Industry Review based in Jakarta to consider whether the World Bank Group should, as a matter of principle, have any involvement with such projects. Disagreement within and between the World Bank and the IMF have further fuelled the debate over how such revenues should be managed.NGOconcern has also encouraged the more responsible petroleum and mineral corporations to consider the impact of their investment in such projects on the countries concerned. However, in the literature that has focused on resource curse, there are references to countries that allegedly managed to avoid a curse and instead received a blessi ng. For example, even the report produced byOxfamAmerica (Ross, 2001) which is strongly negative towards such projects, states There are exceptions some states with large extractive industries like Botswana, Chile and Malaysia have overcome many of the obstacles and implemented sound pro-poor strategies. There are similar references elsewhere to success stories Botswana (Hope, 1998, Love, 1994), Chile (Schurman, 1996), Indonesia (Usui, 1996), Malaysia (Rasiahand Shari, 2001), and Norway (Wright andCzelutsa, 2002).Nigeria is Africas most populous country with close to 132 million inhabitants. However, approximately 55% of the population lives on less than the value of one US dollar per day. The Nigerian economy depends heavily on the oil sector, which contributes 95% of export revenues, 76% of government revenues and about a third of gross domestic product. Before the establishment of democracy in 1999, the country was governed by military generals, under whose rule Nigerias eco nomic performance had taken a beating for 15 consecutive years (Datamonitor, 2007).Nigeria has a dual economy with a modern segment dependent on oil earnings, overlaid by a traditional agricultural and trading economy. At independence in 1960 agriculture accounted for well over half of GDP, and was the main source of export earnings and public revenue. The oil sector, which emerged in the 1960s and was firmly established during the 1970s, is now of overwhelming importance to the point of over-dependence.Undoubtedly, Africa and indeed Nigeria is facing an economic crises situation featured by inadequate resources for long-term development, high poverty level, low capacity utilization, high level of unemployment and other Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) increasingly becoming difficult to achieve by 2020. Foreign direct investment has assumed prominent place in her strategy as a way of boosting economic rival and growth. It is also seen by policy makers at all levels as a way of br idging the resource gap of the country and avoiding further debt build-up (UNCTAD, 2005).This has brought about several changes in policy and regulations in order to encourage foreign investor to invest in the country. Other measures include the liberalization of the foreign investment regime to allow major foreign ownership, lifting foreign exchange controls and the privatization of Nigerias public enterprises. This research is aimed to take an in-depth analysis of the major private capital flow foreign direct investment to a growing economy Nigeria. This investment trend will be narrowed down to the extractive sector and in particular the oil and gas sector with the aim of investigating how investment in this sector translate to economic growth.1.6 Research GapDuring the last decade, a number of interesting studies in the role of foreign direct investment in stimulating economic growth has appeared. Several authors have observed that the major reason for increased effort in attr acting more FDI has been stemmed from the belief that FDI has several positive effects (Levine andCarkovic, 2002, Caves, 1996).In contributing to the importance of FDI, it has also been shown that FDI is three times more efficient than domestic investment (De-Gregorio, 2003). Available evidence for developed countries seems to support the idea that productivity of domestic firms is positively related to the presence of foreign firms (Globerman, 1979). The result for developing countries are not clear, with some finding positive spillover (Blomstrom, 1986,Kokko, 1994), and others reporting limited evidence (Aitkenetal., 1997).Earlier studies on FDI showed that target countries receive very few benefits and in most cases negative effect on economic growth (Singer, 1950Prebisch, 1968Saltz, 1992Bosetal., 1974 cited in (Katerinaetal., 2004). A positiveeffect is only contingent on the absorptive capacity of the host country(Durham, 2004).Many research have shown that FDI stimulates econom ic growth (Borenszteinetal., 1998, Amy Jocelyn andKamal, 1999) as seen in chinas economic growth (Dees, 1998 cited in (Ayanwale, 2007) and Latin American countries (Mello, 1997) showing that inflow of capital brings about increase in investment level.FDI has also been shown to have both a positive and negative effect on economic development depending on the variables1that are used along side the test equation(UNCTAD, 1998 1999). Its effect has also been more positively acclaimed in countries with higher institutional capabilities (Olofsdotter, 1998) and economically less advanced countries (like Philippines and Thailand) but negatively on more economically advanced countries like Japan and Taiwan (Bende-Nabendeand Ford, 1998). In essence, the impact FDI has on growth of any economy may be country an period specific and as such there is a need for country specific studies.Several studies have shown varying relationship between FDI and economic growth in Nigeria. For example,Odozi(199 5)study showed that Structural Adjustment Policies (SAP hereafter) of Nigeria contributed to the FDI-growth relationship. He revealed that macro-policies before SAP discouraged foreign investors.Ogiogo(1995) reported a negative contribution of public investment to GDP growth for the reason of distortion. However, positive linkage effect of FDI-growth relationship was shown byAluko(1961). Private domestic investment was also shown byAriyo(1998)to contribute positively to raising GDP-growth rate for the period 1970-1995.Oyinlola(1995) usingCheneryand Stouts two-gap model found a positive relationship between FDI and economic growth.Ekpo(1995) using time series data revealed that political regime, real income percapita, inflation rate, credit rating and debt service were key factors explaining variabilityin FDI into Nigeria. Using unrelated regression model, FDI was shown to be pro-consumption and pro-import hence showing a negative relationship to domestic investment (Adelegan, 2000 c ited inAyanwale, 2007) and statistically insignificant effect was shown for FDI-growth (Akinlo, 2004).More recent findings byAyanwale(2007) revealed that FDI contributes positively to Nigerias economic growth with the communication sector accounting for the highest potential to grow that economy. He also opined that FDI in the manufacturing sector has a negative relationship with economic growth suggesting that the business climate is not healthy enough for the manufacturing sector to thrive and contribute to positive growth.Crude oil discovery and exploration has been said to have both positive and negative effect on Nigeria. The negative side is seen in term of the environmental degradation, deprived means of livelihood and other economic and social factors experienced by surrounding communities where the oil wells are exploited while the positive side is viewed from the large proceeds from domestic sale and export of petroleum products. However, its effect on the growth of the Ni gerian economy as regards returns and productivity is still questionable (Odularu, 2007).This review shows that the debate on the impact of FDI on economic growth is far from being conclusive. The role of FDI can be country specific and its relationship with growth can either be positive, negative or insignificant depending on the macroeconomic dispensation (economic,institutionalandtechnologicalconditions) in the recipient country (Zhang, 2001). Even though none of these studies controlled for the fact that must of the FDI was concentrated in the extractive industry, they did not specifically investigate the relationship between oil-FDI and economic growth. This is the focus of this study.1.7 Research Objectives and QuestionsFew research on FDI into Sub-Saharan Africa have shown empirical evidence of FDI and economic growth as ambiguous (Ayanwale, 2007). In theory FDI is believed to have several positive effects on the economy of host country (such as productivity gains, technology transfers, the introduction of new processes, managerial know-how and skills, employee training etc), promoting its growth and in general, a significant factor in modernizing the host countrys economy (Katerinaetal., 2004). However, there is no clear understanding of its contribution to growth (Bora, 2002).This research was driven by the following questionsHas foreign direct investment into Nigerian oil and gas sector brought about economic development?What is the transmission mechanism through which FDI brings about growth1.8 Methodology1.9 Dissertation OutlineThe rest of the paper is organized as followsChapter TwoThis chapter is the literature review and shall be discussed in three subsection. The first two sections shall seek to review the theories and motivation for Foreign direct investment and the third section deals with the theoretical and analytic review of literature on FDI Growth linkages. This shall seek to answer the question on the mechanism through which FDI result in economic growth.Chapter ThreeThis chapter discusses the case study Nigeria and reviews the contribution performance and challenges of the oil and gas sector in Nigeria. Also, the impact of this sector on economic growth is discussed.Chapter FourThe methodology and theoretical framework for the analysis is the objective of this chapter. This section discusses the research approach and data collection mode. The variables for analysis and the model for shall be derived.Chapter FiveData Analysis of the result and findings shall be the aim of this chapter.Chapter SixThis chapter shall form the conclusion of the research and give a summary of the findings, suggestion for improving economic growth in Nigeria and recommendation for further study.Chapter ThreeLiterature Review3.0 IntroductionForeign direct investment is in general motivated by both pull and push factors. The push factors are external to developing countries and focuses majorly on growth and financial market conditions i n industrial countries. On the other hand, the pull factors are dependent (on a lot of factors) domestic policies and characteristics of host countries. While the push factors determine the totality of available resources, the push factors determine its allocation between countries (Ajayi, 2004).The diversity of theoretical and empirical explanations for the impact and influence of FDI (and growth) is without doubt very rich. Many studies among others have emphasized conducive macroeconomic policy, increased liberalization of markets, large domestic markets, liberal trade regime, low labour cost, availability of natural resources, good infrastructure and investment in human capital (bring about an educative workforce) (Ajayi, 2003).This review therefore draws from many of these works with the particular aim of providing an understanding of the theoretical and empirical background, views and present thought on the relationship between FDI and economic growth.The discussion shall be p resented in three sections. The first two sections shall discuss the theories and motivation for FDI and the third section involves theoretical and empirical review of the literature of FDI and economic growth from four perspectives trade or export (openness), linkages and spillover effect, knowledge and technology transfer and human capital.3.1 Theories of FDIFDI can take the form of a Greenfield investment in a new facility or an acquisition of or merger with an existing local firm. Majority of cross-border investment is in the form of merger and acquisition rather than Greenfield investments. According to estimates by United Nations, 40 to 80 percent of all FDI inflows between 1998 and 2005 were in the form of mergers and acquisition (Hill, 2009). However, FDI flows into developed nations are different from those of developing nations. For developing nations only about one- third of FDI is in the form of cross-border merger and acquisition. This may simply reflect the fact that t here are fewer firms to acquire in developing nations (Hill, 2009).For the purpose of this research, I have concentrated on two theories of FDI which are relevant to the study. The first perspective explains why firms in the same industry often undertake FDI at the same time and why certain locations are favoured over others (i.e. the observed pattern of FDI). The second is known as the eclectic paradigm. This perspective is eclectic because it combines the best aspects of other theories into a single explanation.In proceeding with the discussion, we define some terms. When goods are produced at home and then shipped to the receiving country for sale, it is known as exporting. The process of granting a foreign entity (the licensee) rights to produce and sell the firms product in return for a royalty fee on every unit sold is known as Licensing.Foreign direct investment has been view as an expensive and risky venture compared to exporting and licensing. This is because firms bear the cost of establishing production facilities in a foreign country or acquiring a foreign enterprise and the risk of doing business in countries with different culture. In exporting, firms need not bear cost associated with FDI and risk can be reduced by the use of local sales agents. Similarly, under licensing, the licensee bears the cost and risks. However, it is worth noting in summary that firms will choose FDI over exporting as an entry strategy when transportation costs or trade barriers make exporting unattractive. Furthermore, firms will favor FDI over licensing (or franchising) when it wishes to maintain control of technological know-how or over its operations and business strategy or when firms capabilities are simply not amenable to licensing (Hill, 2009).3.1.1 The Pattern of FDI3.1.1.1 Strategic BehaviourThe idea that FDI flow reflects strategic rivalry between firms in the global marketplace is the basis for one of the theories of FDI. In studying the relationship between FDI and rivalry in oligopolistic industries F. T. Knickerbocker proposed a variation to this argument. An oligopoly is an industry made up of a small number of large players (for example, an industry in which four firms control 80 percent of a domestic market). One key features of such market is the interdependence of major players the action of one firm have immediate impact on the major competitors, forcing a response in kind.This interdependence leads to imitative behaviour rivals are usually quick to imitate opponents in and oligopoly the bandwagon effect. Imitative behaviour can take many forms in an oligopoly. Some good examples are price war and capacity increase. Rivals imitate lest they be left at a disadvantage in the future. F. T. Knickerbocker argued that the same kind of imitative behaviour characterizes FDI.Although Knickerbockers theory and its extensions can help to explain imitative FDI behaviour by firms in oligopolistic industry, it does not explain the choice a nd efficiency of FDI over exporting or licensing. This is explained by the internalization theory.3.1.1.2 The Product Life Cycle TheoryThe product life cycle theory was proposed by Raymond Vernon in the mid-1960s and was based on the observation that for most of the 20th century, a very large proportion of the worlds new products had been developed by U.S. firms and sold first in the U.S. market (e.g. automobiles, photocopiers, televisions and semiconductor chips). Vernon opined that the wealth and size of the U.S. market gave U.S. firms a strong incentive to develop new consumer products and the high labour cost also gave firms in the U.S. an incentive to develop cost-saving process innovations.The theory went further to argue that early in the life cycle of a typical new product, while demand is starting to grow rapidly in the United States, demand in other advanced countries does not make it worth while for firms in those countries to start producing the new product, but it does necessitate some export from the United State to those countries. However, over time the demand for new product starts to grow in other advanced countries. As this happens, foreign producer begin to produce at home for their own market and growing demand causes U.S. firms to setup production facilities in those advanced countries. This limits the potential for export for the United States. Finally, at maturity product becomes standardized, cost consideration start to play a greater role in the competitive process and producer in advanced countries with lower labour cost than the U.S. might now begin to export to the United States. Under intense cost pressure, the cycle by which the United State lost its advantage to other advanced countries might be repeated once more as developing countries begin to acquire a production advantage over advanced countries (Hill, 2009).The effect of these trends is that over time the United States switches form being an exporter of the product to an i mporter of the product as production becomes concentrated in lower-cost foreign locations.The product life cycle seems to be an accurate explanation of international trade patterns. However, the product l